Narrative poems Essays

Story sonnets Essays Story sonnets Paper Story sonnets Paper Paper Topic: Verse A story sonnet consistently has a. characters, plot, setting b. humor c. solid pictures d. embodiment Its a. In the event that there was a notice message set to Jimmy Jet and his TV what might it be. Not to watch or youll transform into a TV. What are the geese seen doing in the sonnet, the Geese The Geese are seen flying south for the winter. for what reason does the speakers father in The Geese need to resemble the Geese? An) in light of the fact that they are so lovely B)because they lay eggs C)because they taste great when they are cooked D)because they speak to opportunity and departure answer=D We realize that the Geese is a verse sonnet since it a)is about geese b)tells a story c)because it communicates sentiments and feelings d)contains characters and exchange answer=c In the walrus and the woodworker what implores mean O clams, come stroll with us! The walrus beseeched. a)command c)beg for b)scream d)question Answer=C when Jimmy stream developed pale and lean what did the creator mean? A)Jimmy got dainty B)Jimmy got fat c-Jimmy got drained and expected to incline toward his sister d-Jimmy became ill ans. A what is an account verse and what gadgets does it use? It utilizes graceful gadgets, for example, rhythm,compact language,rhyme and consideration of sound. Its a type of verse that recounts to a story making employments of the voices of a storyteller and characters. who is the speaker in the walrus and the woodworker? the storyteller what is the tone of this sonnet the walrus and the woodworker senseless and ludicrous what are two primary characters in the walrus and the craftsman doing when they are first observed? strolling close within reach and both cried on the grounds that there was so much sand as indicated by the walrus and the woodworker for what reason should the clams end their walk? since the craftsman and the walrus are going to discuss numerous things what stunt does the walrus and the craftsman play on the clams they are going to give the shellfish a portion of bread, a charming walk, and talk along the sea shore. To get them away so they could eat the shellfish What are the highlights of a verse sonnet? short rhyming stanzas with center around trials or picture or article while recounting to a story in a graceful structure. In the verse sonnet February Twilight What is the writer communicating sentiments about? aloneness, and the individual in the sonnet watching a star as it watched them. where is the speaker in Febr. Sundown close to a slope with new snow upon it. What jimmies transform into he transforms into a total television in Jimmy fly and his television what is the speakers disposition towards Jimmy shock since he observes so much television. who is the speaker in the Geese the child of the dad that viewed the geese who is the creator of the Walrus and the craftsman Lewis Carroll who is the creator of the February Twilight Sara Teasdale Who is creator of Jimmy stream and his television Shel silverstein Creator of the geese is Richard Peck what is rhyme plan of walrus ABCBDB rhyme plan of February ABCB What is rhyme sheme of Jimmy Jet ABAB What is the rhyme plan of the Geese ABAB what number of refrains in the geese 3 what number of refrains in walrus and the woodworker 18 what number of refrains are in February dusk 2 what number of stazas are in jimmy fly and his television 5

The Power of Free Speech

Proposal Statement While free discourse can help in making a dynamic culture uncontrolled free discourse goes about as a damaging power that can affect despise, outrage and brutality which thus expects it to be restricted to certain legitimate boundaries.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on The Power of Free Speech explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction The idea of the Freedom of Speech is credited to being a basic human right wherein individuals are enabled to trade thoughts, data or ideas unafraid of control or obstruction. Actually, it is a first Amendment directly inside the U.S. which keeps the legislature from building up laws that encroach upon an individual’s natural option to free discourse and quiet appeal. It must be noted however that in spite of the Freedom of Speech being a first Amendment right, ensuing alterations to the constitution just as different chronicled acts, for example, the Sedition Act of 1798 and the Espio nage Act of 1917 have subsequently constrained the utilization of the Freedom of Speech to specific limits (Peck, 1). The purpose for this is fairly straightforward, as a key human right accessible to an individual from birth the Freedom of Speech can, and frequently is, mishandled so as to seek after an individual or gathering objective. Governments as Protectors of Social Stability What must be comprehended is that administrations are defenders of their residents in that their principle reason for existing is to guarantee the proceeded with presence of the nation and the dependability of society. It is because of this job governments play that so as to guarantee social security different laws and acts are generally actualized which control certain opportunities so as to guarantee proceeded with harmony and stability.Advertising Looking for paper on political theories? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This clarifies why certai n demonstrations made to constrain the Freedom of Speech have been forced in different cases in U.S. history because of the need to constrain the conceivable destabilizing impacts that the Freedom of Speech can welcome on a case to case premise. In view of this it tends to be said that while free discourse can help in making a dynamic culture uncontrolled free discourse goes about as a dangerous power that can instigate abhor, outrage and brutality which subsequently expects it to be restricted to certain legitimate limits. Defending the Limitation of Free Speech As referenced before, free discourse can either go about as an incredible instrument for dynamic social change or brutal social outcomes relying upon its utilization. Constraints to free discourse should in this way be made as far as their proposed social results and be legitimate as opposed to a summed up restriction on specific themes. For instance the dissent of the Westboro Baptist church individuals at the burial servi ce of Marine Lance Corporal Mathew Synder ought to have been forestalled because of the proposed social outcome of making oppression gay gatherings (Hines, 1). The reason for such a dissent was clearly to keep on spreading scorn and inclination against the gay populace and as such can be viewed as a maltreatment of an intrinsic right. Additionally the depiction of President Obama as a chimpanzee being shot in an as of late distributed paper article is similarly a maltreatment of rights since it straightforwardly interfaces with the different occasions endured by the African American individuals that establish racial partiality and segregation (Delonas, 1). What must be comprehended is that while there are different pundits who express that the option to free discourse ought to be protected the reality remains that its usage as a stage for the spread of confused and contemptuous thoughts keeps it from turning into a correct that doesn’t should be limited.Advertising We will co mpose a custom paper test on The Power of Free Speech explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Allowing the uncontrolled spread of socially harming thoughts and causes not just makes cultural destabilization as found in the different cases in the Middle East yet affects different gatherings to spread detest filled messages which don't have any beneficial outcome on society. Free Speech as a Powerful Tool for Change What must be comprehended is that discourse is a useful asset for transform; it can begin significant social and political changes inside a country or even society all in all which on occasion is inconvenient towards planned objectives set by governments. For instance, the ongoing transformation in Egypt which toppled the system of Hosni Mubarak was itself brought about by the intensity of discourse actuating the majority towards insurgency (Scaliger, 15). Truth be told the present changes occurring in the Middle East today are an immediate aftereffect of th e thoughts conveyed by the force discourse from nation to nation bringing about upheavals which have toppled various long time government systems. The intensity of discourse has additionally been known to correct social change wherein the â€Å"Green Movement† has begun changes in practices ascribed towards more prominent mindfulness for ecological issues, natural consideration and the need to utilize strategies for asset protection. From this it tends to be seen that the intensity of discourse is really significant anyway dependent on the case of Egypt and the Middle East it very well may be a reason for worry for different governments since uncontrolled free discourse can and will bring about activities which may upset different plans that the administration has set into movement. Legitimizing the requirement for Free Speech The truth of the matter is the Freedom of Speech, in its optimal structure, goes about as an essential part in a check and parities framework that guar antees that the administration represents the advantage of the public.Advertising Searching for exposition on political theories? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More By guaranteeing that significant open issues, for example, war, monetary rights and other cultural issues are permitted to be examined straightforwardly and without restriction this in actuality guides popular conclusion either possibly in support of specific government commands or activities. This constrains the capacity of the legislature to follow up on different impulses and interests since it should consistently think about popular feeling before it achieves certain activities. This in actuality makes a decent framework wherein the administration keeps on being responsible to the individuals using the Freedom of Speech. For instance, enactment in the U.S. forestalling different seaward penetrating exercises was really realized through the â€Å"Green Movement† and mass popular feeling against the conceivable natural harm it would cause. Not All Aspects of Free Speech Are Socially Beneficial What must be seen however is that sure restrictions must be placed into impact on specific parts of the Freedom of Speech since not all exercises made through it very well may be regarded as socially advantageous. Because of its job as a poretector of cultural strength the legislature has the duty to guarantee that components which destabilize society are restricted so as to guarantee the engendering of social congruity. For instance, the instance of the capture of the Ku Klux Kan pioneer in the Brandenburg v. Ohio case is an away from of the administration playing out its job as a social defender by restricting activities (racial disdain) that makes conflict and destabilization in the public arena (Peck, 1). It depends on cases, for example, this that specific reasonable constraints on the Freedom of Speech can be actualized insofar as they are intended to forestall the spread of socially destabilizing messages of contempt, predisposition and outrage. End Based on the realities introduced it very well may be seen that the Freedom of Speech is a fundamental idea to society since it goes about as a foundation of not just the free trade of data, thoughts and ideas yet additionally as a necessary piece of a balanced governance framework among society and the administration. What must be seen however is that Freedom of Speech can undoubtedly be manhandled so as to spread messages unfavorable towards proceeded with cultural congruity. It is because of this that the administration, going about as a defender of cultural solidness, needs to force certain reasonable confinements on the usage of the Freedom of Speech so as to guarantee that any activity induced by free discourse doesn't harm the current quiet cultural structure we appreciate today. Works Cited Delonas, Sean.â€Å" New York Post cartoon.† blogs.timeslive.co.za. Web. Hines, Debbie.â€Å"Free Speech is Superior to a Family’s Right to Privacy†. Opednews. Web. Peck, Robert.â€Å" The First Amendment Advocacy of Violence.† firstamendmentcenter.com. Web. Scaliger , Charles. â€Å"EGYPT’S PRESENT PATH.† New American. 27.7 (2011): 15. MasterFILE Complete. EBSCO. Web. This article on The Power of Free Speech was composed and put together by client Riya Mayer to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it in like manner. 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acid rain1 essays

corrosive rain1 papers Corrosive downpour is downpour that is more acidic than typical. Corrosive downpour is an entangled issue. Fundamentally brought about via air contamination, corrosive downpour's spread and harm includes climate, science, soil, and the existence patterns of plants and creatures on the land and in lakes and streams. This type of air contamination is as of now a subject of extraordinary debate due to its overall ecological harms. Throughout the previous ten years, this issue has carried obliteration to a great many lakes and streams in the United States, Canada, and parts of Europe. Researchers have found that air contamination from the consuming of petroleum products is the significant reason for corrosive downpour. Force plants and industrial facilities consume coal and oil. Force plants utilize that coal and oil to deliver the power for our homes and to run our electric machines. We likewise consume petroleum gas, coal, and oil to warm our homes. The smoke and exhaust from consuming petroleum products ascend into the air and join with the dampness noticeable all around to shape corrosive downpour. The primary synthetic compounds in air contamination that makes corrosive downpour are sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Corrosive downpour for the most part frames high in the mists where sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides respond with water, oxygen, and oxidants. This structures a gentle arrangement of sulfuric corrosive and nitric corrosive. Daylight builds the pace of the vast majority of these responses. Water, day off, and different types of precipitation containing those mellow arrangements of sulfuric and nitric acids tumble to the earth as corrosive downpour. Water travels through each living plant and creature, streams, lakes, and seas in the hydrologic cycle. In that cycle, water dissipates from the land and ocean into the environment. Water in the air at that point gathers to shape mists. Mists discharge the water back to the earth as downpour, day off, haze. At the point when water beads tumble to the earth they get particles and synthetic concoctions that coast noticeable all around. Indeed, even spotless, unpolluted air has a few particles, for example, residue or dust... <!

Intellectual property law and modern society - Free Essay Example

Critically consider the extent to which the law of intellectual property meets the needs of modern society The following consideration of the intersection between the needs of modern society and intellectual property law will focus upon specific examples drawn from patent innovation and its legal protections, and various developments in copyright law. Patents The fundamental purpose of intellectual property law is outlined in Aerotel Ltd. v. Telco[1]. Aerotel is the most recent UK Court of Appeal articulation of software patents principles. The Court stated that it had à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"no concernà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ regarding the debates that have raged for years concerning software patents and the question of whether the larger public interest requires a greater degree of access to otherwise protected innovations[2]. A summary of the purposes of modern patents was developed as[3]: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The patent system is there to provide a research and investment incentive but it has a price. That price (what economists call transaction costs) is paid in a host of ways: the costs of patenting, the impediment to competition, the compliance cost of ensuring non-infringement, the cost of uncertainty, litigation costs and so on. There is, so far as we know, no really hard empirical data showing that the liberalisation of what is patentable in the USA has resulted in a greater rate of innovation or investment in the excluded ca tegories. Innovation in computer programs, for instance, proceeded at an immense speed for years before anyone thought of granting patents for them as such.[4] TRIPS (Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) demonstrates that international software patent laws are a somewhat unstable mixture of legal theories and the hard edged economic realities of international trade regulation concerning the control of technology. The international intellectual property regime as contained within TRIPS is not so much a system as it is an organism that is not fully developed. The TRIPS agreement is Annex 1C of the Marrakesh Agreement creating the World Trade Organization[5]. This document is the product of a series of multi-lateral agreements made by the members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) respecting various aspects of intellectual property, including software patents. TRIPS represents the first time that intellectual property issues have been formally installed in an y world trading structure. TRIPS is a point of commencement in the effort to bring order to the handling of intellectual property disputes. The comprehensive language regarding software patents in TRIPS is consistent with American, British, and European patent practices. However, it is open to question whether the TRIPS regime will assist in the satisfaction of the demands of modern society for clear and effective world wide intellectual property regulation. Earlier and equally lauded WTO initiatives that purportedly enjoyed the support of the international trade community, such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), are examples. The ability of the WTO to police a global software patent regime is doubtful à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" seemingly systemic software piracy in China and India has continued unabated. It is contended that if intellectual property is of value to the economic interests of nations, rogue elements will debase the economic advantages and reduce orderly development into anarchy. The counter position is that easing software patent laws will lead to greater economic development. Microsoft supreme Bill Gates is not the most likely of champions for a relaxation of world software patent restrictions, as his company may hold more patented technologies than any other. Gates is quoted by those advocates of reduced patent software legislation as follows: If people had understood how patents would be granted when most of todays ideas were invented and had taken out patents, the industry would be at a complete stand-still todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦A future start-up with no patents of its own will be forced to pay whatever price the giants choose to impose. That price might be high: Established companies have an interest in excluding future competitors.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [6] The counter argument to this Gates proposition is advanced in several ways. The first is one of seeming inevitability patents are an entrenched property right that is an i nherent feature of modern global economic systems; to eliminate this right and convert property to a form of shared access will end innovation. The companion argument advanced against the Gates opinion is that even the limited patent protection certainties are preferable to an unregulated system where the actual ownership and control of hard won intellectual property can never be certain. The second counter to the open door proposition is that competition and innovation are inherent to capitalism; the prevalence of software patents in the past 25 years has not diminished research or innovation. . By example, the European Patent Office has issued over 40,000 patents concerning with computer programmes alone through 2005[7]. The most attractive argument against software patents is the assertion that such protections have outlived their usefulness, in that patents represent excessive legal protection and that patents perpetuate economic imbalances through preservation of property rights monopolies. With patent protection, the rich get richer as large multi-national interests may control most of the patented software technology. Innovation that would otherwise propel individuals and communities forward to success is made difficult, a situation that is contrary to the public interest. The less intrusive copyright laws and non disclosure agreements respecting commercial trade secrets are preferable to the blanket and long term barriers created by patents. Further, the only true beneficiaries of the current patent system are patent agents and patent lawyers, who are essential to the system. The counter argument has three parts. One, the reality of software patents is not as characterised because almost all development of software, from its origins in the 1940s to 1981 was achieved without patent protection; the software developers that spurred the IT revolution confirm this fact. Further, as software patent protection is now the norm, the elimination of pate nts will create hardship for those who developed their ideas within them. Thirdly, patent actions have often resulted in judgements that served as a significant deterrent to others.[8] Open Source Software (OSS)[9] is defined as a computer programme that permits subsequent modifications of the software by both the current user and any other developer though the provision of its source code granted by the extension of a licence[10]. OSS is regarded by many in the software research and development world as essential to the maintenance of a development environment that ensures an optimum level of unhindered access to vital software application research materials. The OSS concept has its advocates. The Open Source Initiative is a world organisation of scientists and technology advocates devoted to the proposition that software evolves for the common good in a licensed and non patent protected environment.[11] The UK Web Standards Project advances a similar philosophy. Further, OSS would act to counter the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"commodification of knowledgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[12], of which biotechnology patents are a current example[13]. Examples of software patent presenting a barrier to true scientific advancement in biotechnology is articulated by American researcher Peter Yun-hyoung Lee, where important contributions to vital research are excluded, delaying scientific advances that benefit society.[14] Defenders of the current property rights based approach to patent law counter the OSS approach in three ways. The first is that there is no coherent system that would permit access to all relevant data à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"who would organise and manage it? So long as software piracy is endemic throughout the world, the argument can be made for greater, more comprehensive, and multi-lateral patent enforcement, not less. The second is rooted in the fundamental principles of capitalism à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the innovators who created the patented softwares must be permitt ed their fair opportunity to recoup their investment, research and development costs, all of which would be compromised under OSS. The third is an acknowledgement that OSS has intellectual merit à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" OSS is a desirable goal, but it is Utopian and impossible to achieve in a world wracked by conflict, piracy and theft. Better the devil one knows than a devil one has never met. The special problems of bio technology patents Biotechnology is broadly cast as the development of all pharmaceuticals, medical procedures and innovations concerning the understanding of the human physical processes. Biotechnology patents are the best intellectual property example to illustrates the conflict between the irresistible forces of capitalism that pursue the creation and preservation of biotechnology profits and the immovable object of human rights and social justice goals. The arguments in favour of biotechnology patents are an extension of traditional patent philosophy business must be encouraged to direct significant resources to innovation and new technology development, because these are the engine that powers modern international trade and commerce. Vibrant world economies benefit all humankind. The contrary position is played out in the media and in significant bodies of academic commentary.[15] It is an equally desirable social objective that free(r) access to biotechnologies is essential to relieve suffering in many nations; pharmaceuticals products in particular will ease suffering and prevent disease. Genetically modified food technologies are also seen as a means of dealing with hunger and substandard food production. The ethical argument is irresistible to anyone who has watched a news programme or read an account of the horrors of AIDS in Africa, save for one problem à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" while ethical considerations are vital issues, they are impossible to address with in the context of current national an supra-national biotechnology paten t law. The European Union and TRIPS legal structures are directed to trade, not ethics. No distinction is drawn between patents that may have a humanitarian application and those that do not.[16] Further, there is a significant concentration of biotechnological power in the control of United States patent law and American corporate interests, a biotech industry that controls 75 percent of all international biotechnology revenues generated.[17] The territorial nature of patent protection will require a significant reordering of this concentration of biotechnology if there is to be an ethical based freeing of this area. The attractiveness of this approach is developed further in the consideration of the broader human rights and social justice issues that form part of the copyright debate. The recent UK proposals concerning intellectual property reform captured the essence of the issue: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦The ideal IP system creates incentives for innovation, without u nduly limiting access for consumers and follow on innovators. It must strike the right balance in a rapidly changing world so that innovators can see further by standing on the shoulders of giantsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[18] The European Union issued its Directive 98 in an effort to confront these difficult issues concerning biotechnology patents. Similar to the observation made by the UK Court of Appeal in Aerotel, the Directive recognises patents as a protective device, not as an instrument to promote social justice. The language of the Directive specifies the essential connection that exists between patentability and profitability; the EU has not seen a need to develop a separate scheme to govern biotechnology patents. However, the Directive does provide for a limitation on patentable processes that may be the springboard for future expansion of the rights of access to biotechnologies, at least with in the European Union. The Directive defines as unpatentable the following ty pes of processes: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"1. Inventions shall be considered unpatentable where their commercial exploitation would be contrary to ordre public or morality; however, exploitation shall not be deemed to be so contrary merely because it is prohibited by law or regulation.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ 2. On the basis of paragraph 1, the following, in particular, shall be considered unpatentable: (a) Processes for cloning human beings; (b) Processes for modifying the germ line genetic identity of human beings; (c) Uses of human embryos for industrial or commercial purposesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[19]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ It is clear that broad expressions of public policy contained in phrases such as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"ordre publicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"moralityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ must be refined to create a clearer delineation between profit and humanitarian interests in biotechnology in Europe. For those seeking to alter the present profit based paradigm, the Directive must be regarded as a start. Copyright, fair dealing and freedom of expression Copyright and the protection of the manner in which creative expression is protected is a more ubiquitous legal concept than that of patents but one that is equally under constant legal scrutiny. The Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1998 of the UK (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the Actà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢) represents a typical example of how nations seek to protect the dissemination of creative works; the UK codification of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"fair dealingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ defence to alleged instances of copyright infringement has generated significant case law. Judicial consistency in the interpretation of UK copyright protection is an elusive concept, as is demonstrated through the efforts of the courts to apply the imprecise language of the Act. The decisions rendered in Hyde Park Residence Ltd v Yelland[20], Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd v Marks Spencer Plc[21], and Ashdown v Telegraph Group Ltd[22].are excelle nt examples of the difficulties encountered with the interpretation of UK copyright law. The cases noted here (especially the Ashdown decision[23]) make reference to a balancing [24]of interests between the ownership of the creative work and the desired freedom of expression permitted others who seek to utilise the work. Section 29 through 31 of the Act sets the parameters of the copyright protection and fair dealing in creative works, literary criticism and news reporting; s.29 states: Fair dealing with a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work for the purposes of research or private study does not infringe any copyright in the work or, in the case of a published edition, in the typographical arrangement.[25] Hyde Park Residence Ltd v Yelland[26]describes a practical interpretation of the Act. The case turned on the publication by the Sun newspaper of certain photographs of the late Princess Diana taken on private property shortly before her death in 1997. The Court h eld against the newspaper ( a well known tabloid), stating that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦even though an unpublished work (the photographs purchased scrumptiously by the Sun) are not automatically excluded from the defence of fair dealing, it is yet a much more substantial breach of copyright than publication of a published work (such as a previous article or review).à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[27] The Court seemingly provided the quality papers a copyright infringement defence in both Jameel[28] and Ashdown[29], a case where the Daily Telegraph was sued for an alleged copyright breach regarding the personal papers of former Liberal Democrat leader Paddy Ashdown. The Telegraph did not pay for the information published. The language employed by the Court in Ashdown would give heart to those seeking to liberalise copyright law and create a true balancing of the interests between creator / owner and user of an idea or concept. The Court observed observation that as a fundamental principl e, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦copyright is antithetical to freedom of expression. It prevents all, save the owner of the copyright, from expressing information in the form of the literary work protected by the copyright.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[30] The Court decided the issue with the determination that: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The fair dealing defence under s.30 should lie where the public interest in learning of the very words written by the owner of the copyright is such that publication should not be inhibited by the chilling factor of having to pay damages or account for profitsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[31] Copyright and human rights issues The right to the use or protection of copyrighted material may lack some of the immediacy of the biotechnology patent issues and their impact upon the human condition. As Telfer notes, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦few if any observers would list the rights of authors and inventors as human rights. Yet such rights were recognized at the birth of t he international human rights movement. No less an august statement of foundational principles than the Universal Declaration of Human Rights includes in its catalogue of rights and freedoms a statement that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he [or she] is the author.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [32] There is little question that with the TRIPS initiative and developments in various national jurisdictions[33], the scope of intellectual property rights has expanded dramatically, in terms of both subject matter and the economic interests they seek to protect. Nations have linked these rights to the world trading system, creating new opportunities for enforcement at the international and national levels. These twin developments have made intellectual property protection rules relevant to an expanding array of value-laden economic, social, and political issues, includi ng public health, education, agriculture, privacy, and free expression.[34] Conclusion So long as societal need is expressed in terms of financial viability and return on investment, intellectual property law is a continuing success. The wider and more challenging issues of freedom of expression, human rights and social justice are not a ready fit in the current legal framework. Bibliography Gowers, Andrew Gowers Review on Intellectual Property (December, 2006) HM Treasury Guadamusz, Andres (2005) Open Science: Open Source Software Licenses and Scientific Research https://www.bileta.ac.uk/pages/Conference Papers.aspx (Accessed April 22, 2007) Helfer, Laurence R (2007) Collective Management of Copyright and Human Rights: An Uneasy Alliance pp. 1-37   https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=816984 (Accessed April 23, 2007) Lee, Peter Yun-hyoung (2005) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Inverting the logic of scientific discoveryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Harvard Journal of L aw Technology 19, 1 Raymond, Eric (2002) The New Hackers Dictionary Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, (3rd ed.) Warshofsky, F. (1994) The Patent Wars (New York: Wiley) Washington Times à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"A Rebuttal on Half-Truthsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ 8 July 2005, A20 World Trade Organization https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/trips_e.htm#WhatAre (Accessed April 22, 2007) Table of Cases Aerotel Ltd. v. Telco et al [2006] EWCA Civ 1371 Ashdown v Telegraph Group Ltd CFPHs Appns, 2005[2005] EWHC 1589 (Pat) Hyde Park Residence Ltd v Yelland [2000] EWCA Civ 37 Jameel and others v. Wall Street Journal Europe Sprl [2006] UKHL 44 MGM v Grokster 545 US, 125 SCt 2764 (2005) Menashe Business Mercantile Ltd v. Hill [2002] EWCA Civ 1702 Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd v Marks Spencer Plc[35] [2000] EWCA Civ 179 Table of Statutes Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1998 EU Directive 98/44/EC Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRI PS) 1 Footnotes [1] [2006] EWCA Civ 1371 [2] Aerotel, 7 [3] Aerotel, 8 [4] See also Menashe Business Mercantile Ltd v. Hill [2002] EWCA Civ 1702; CFPHs Appns, 2005[2005] EWHC 1589 (Pat) [5] World Trade Organization https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/trips_e.htm#WhatAre [6] Warshofsky, F, The Patent Wars (New York: Wiley, 1994), 118 [7] See Aerotel, supra [8] An recent example is Menashe Business Mercantile Ltd v. Hill, supra [9] Guadamusz, Andres (2005) Open Science: Open Source Software Licenses and Scientific Research 2005 @ https://www.bileta.ac.uk/pages/Conference Papers.aspx [10] Ibid, 2 [11] See The New Hackers Dictionary Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2002 (3rd ed.), for further articulations of the benefits perceived through OSS initiatives [12]Ibid, 3 [13] The ongoing controversy concerning the provision of AIDS medication protected by proprietary patents, especially in Africa is the best example. [14] Lee, Peter Yun-hyoung à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Inve rting the logic of scientific discoveryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢(2005) Harvard Journal of Law Technology 19, 1 [15] See Helfer, infra [16] See EU Directive 98/44/EC, infra [17] A Rebuttal on Half-Truths The Washington Times, 8 July 2005, A20 [18] Gowers, Andrew Gowers Review on Intellectual Property (December, 2006) HM Treasury, 5 [19] Ibid, article 6 [20] [2000] EWCA Civ 37 (10 February 2000) [21] [2000] EWCA Civ 179 (26 May 2000) [22] [2001] EWCA Civ 1142 (18 July, 2001) [23] n 3 [24] See n 18 [25] The Act, s.29(1) [26] Hyde Park Residence Ltd v Yelland Ors [2000] EWCA Civ 37 (C.A) [27] Beloff v Pressdam Ltd [1973] 1 AER 241, cited at para 17 Hyde Park, supra [28] Jameel and others (Respondents) v. Wall Street Journal Europe Sprl (Appellants) [2006] UKHL 44 [29] N 18 [30] Ibid, para 30 [31] Ibid, para 69 [32] Helfer, Laurence R (2007) Collective Management of Copyright and Human Rights: An Uneasy Alliance pp. 1-37 https://ssrn.co m/abstract_id=816984, 5 34 MGM v Grokster 545 US, 125 SCt 2764 (2005) (music download cases) [33]35 Helfer, 7 [34] [35] [2000] EWCA Civ 179 (26 May 2000)

Essay on American Juvenile Justice System - 2008 Words

The American criminal justice system is comprised of criminal courts, correctional facilities, and law enforcement officials. Each of these components also make up the juvenile justice system but the operations of each differs with juveniles than with adults who are suspected of committing criminal acts. A juvenile offender is an individual under a certain age who is suspected of having committed a crime or a status offense. A status offense is an offense that if committed by an adult, would be legal or acceptable. Examples of status offenses are truancy, under aged consumption of alcoholic beverages, and running away from home. Law enforcement officials use their discretion when determining how to pursue status offenses involving†¦show more content†¦In either case, evidence obtained in violation of Fourth Amendment rights are not allowed to be presented during a trial or hearing. Juveniles may be approached and questioned by law enforcement officers without probable cause and may walk away without answering questions. For example, an officer on foot patrol may stop a young person who just happens to look suspicious. The officer may ask for identification but the young person does not have to comply, and are well within their rights if they respectfully choose to ignore the request. If in the process of questioning, the officer feels that the youth imposes a danger to him, themselves, or any other person, they may conduct a Terry search or â€Å"pat down† to ensure that they aren’t in danger. While adult cases are held in adult criminal court, with offenders being tried by a jury of their peers, juvenile cases are referred to as adjudication hearings and do not involve a jury. Prior to a trial, an adult offender may be placed on bail. A youthful offender has a special hearing in order to determine if they will be allowed to remain with parents or an adult guardian outside of a detention center. Another difference between ad ult and juvenile processes are the initial investigations by law enforcement officers. Miranda warnings must be given to an adult prior to questioning or interrogation. Youthful offenders under the age of 14 must have parents or guardians present before they are questioned. ThoseShow MoreRelatedThe American Juvenile Justice System1043 Words   |  5 PagesThe American juvenile justice system had developed over the past century with a number of variables that makes it different from the adult criminal justice process. Juvenile justice advocates supports the differences on the youthful offenders. Juvenile crime policy over the course of the twentieth century talks about transferring the law’s conceptions of young offenders. Starting from the nineteenth century, many of the youths were tried and punished as adults. However, treatment of juveniles in theRead MoreAfrican Americans And The Juvenile Justice System1248 Words   |  5 PagesRace and Sentencing It has been brought up that certain race and ethic affects a person’s sentencing. Many studies have addressed the question are African Americans treated more severely than similarly situated whites? (Mitchell, 2005). Observers had indeed noted that black defendants get more severe sentencing than white defendants do (Spohn, 1981). For many years’ social scientist has examined this theory and came up with three explanations, racial discrimination, Wealth discrimination, andRead MoreThe High Incarceration Rate Of Juveniles1748 Words   |  7 PagesThe high incarceration rate of juveniles is a significant social problem that affects society as a whole as well as the youth’s individual welfare and developmental trajectory. Adolescents who are incarcerated in the juvenile justice system face a multitude of negative lifelong implications. The history of incarcerating youth in residential facilities such as juvenile halls, camps, ranches or group homes as a consequenc e for committing crimes has a deep-rooted history in the United States. â€Å"For moreRead MoreJuvenile Justice Systems833 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Juvenile crime is a term around the world that is difficult to pinpoint and although there are several definitions many fail to be concrete. There are many factors that play into sentencing juveniles or minors upon a crime committed. How old are they? Can they mentally form criminal intent? Are they old enough to no longer be treated as children? Some people would argue that a criminal is just that, regardless of age. Research on the other hand shows that juveniles have underdevelopedRead MoreThe Effects Of Incarceration On The Social Of African American Juveniles1487 Words   |  6 PagesDisciplinary changes applied to the juvenile justice system in addition to negative impressions of juvenile males have caused juvenile male incarceration rates to surge. African American male juveniles encounter racial differences in society everyday due to view that media portrays them to be. Racial bias amongst these juvenile African American males is the principal cause of their incarceration rates climbing higher each year. The lives of these juveniles are seriously altered after being incarceratedRead MoreDisproportionate Minority Contact739 Words   |  3 Pagesdisproportionately represented throughout juvenile justice systems in nearly every state in the nation. Disproportionate minority contact (DMC) in juvenile justice occurs when minority youth come into contact with the system at a higher rate than their white counterparts. African-Americans, Hispanics, Asians, Pacific Islanders and Native Americans comprise a combined one-third of the nations youth population. Yet they account for over two-thirds of the youth in secure juvenile facilities (Armour Hammond,Read MoreThe Juvenile Justice System Is Creating A Criminal Class758 Words   |  4 PagesSuch reactions and critiques of the juvenile justice system enforce the notion that the juvenile system is creating a criminal class. Black’s theory states that patterns of relationships between the parties inv olved in a case predict the styles and forms of social control, relationships between intimates would result in more informal handling of cases. Law and formal control arise when informal control is weak and unavailable. Legal control by the state develops when social control of familiesRead MoreThe Juvenile Justice System Is Not Reflective Of Their National Population1612 Words   |  7 Pagesare roughly 79,000 adolescents held at juvenile facilities all across the United States (Sickmund Puzzanchera, 2014). Of that population, Latino and African American youth represent the majority of those in confinement. This is a problem because the overrepresentation of minorities within the juvenile justice system is not reflective of their national population percentages. Nationally, Latino and African American youth only comprise 38% of the total juvenile population combined, while CaucasianRead MoreShould Juvenile Offenders Be Punished?1423 Words   |  6 PagesTo Americans, justice is important. When harm is done to most Americans, often victims of harm say they want the juvenile offender to pay for what he/she has done. Making someone pay for the harm they have caused is an easy concept when it comes to adult offenders; however, what about juvenile offenders? Should juvenile offenders be punished for what he/she has done? When victims want the juvenile offender to be punished for the harm they have caused, this is called retributive justice. Often AmericansRead MoreJuvenile Offenders And The Criminal Justice System860 Words   |  4 PagesOnce youth is committed a crime he or she must face the criminal justice. Whether it is simple face to face contact with the police officer or trip to juvenile facility, juvenile is becoming part of the criminal justice system. For many youth it is their first contact with the justice system however for some others it is a very familiar process. So once juvenile is making face to face contact with the police officers, his life is in the hands of that officer who can make very important and sometime

A Research Study On Stem Cell Therapy - 1450 Words

Since the beginning of time technology has been advancing to better the human race. As time went by your race has gotten to the point where we are able to develop new drugs, vaccines and treatments to help out others in need. Stem cell therapy is one of the new therapies that are used to treat a disease or prevent it. Bone marrow transplants are one type of therapy that has been used for the treatment of leukemia for a while now. 1,6Stem cell therapy is used to replace damaged, diseased, or malfunctioning cells anywhere in the body with healthy cells. When a stem cell is introduced to a specific part of the body, that stem cell receives signals that tell it how to mimic the other cells around it. One example is if a stem cell is given to the brain, it will take on the job of a brain cell. The beginning of stem cell research actually started in the mid 1800’s. Scientists first discovered that certain cells within the body could develop into other cells. Stem cell research has since developed stem cell therapy treatments like bone marrow transplant , stem cell therapy for Parkinson’s, and stem cell therapy for Alzheimer’s disease. This is a very promising treatment for all kinds of degenerative diseases because of the stem cells’ regenerative abilities. From what we know about stem cell research so far shows us that stem cell therapy holds the answer to hopefully find the key to curing all types of disease. 2As many as 4,500 clinics have already started the useShow MoreRelatedA Research Study On Stem Cell Therapy1511 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Stem cells are homogeneous cells found in the human body which have potential to change into, or differentiate into a range of specific types of cells (Stoppler, 1996). The refurbishment and protection of many adult tissues are safeguarded by stem cells (SCs) which exist in the top of the cellular sorting section of these tissues (Beck, 2013). Practical assessments, such as transplantation, in vitro clonogenic assesses (technique used to study efficacy of exact agents in terms of theRead MoreStem Cancer Case Studies1698 Words   |  7 PagesInstead, they decided to use adult stem cells to try to open vessels towards the foot and increase the blood flow. She is now able to walk, jog, bicycle, and do countless other activities in her daily life that she wouldn’t have been able to do without this stem cell therapy. Another trial involved a 60-year-old man, who lived an active lifestyle. He had a degenerative joint disease, a 60% meniscus tear. They injected his knee twice over one year with stem cells and Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP). ToRead MoreSCI Case Study1591 Words   |  7 Pagesusing stem cell therapy, so I’ll try and provide you with as much information as I know. Currently in Australia and around the world, there are no proven cures for SCI using stem cells, this is according to the Australia and New Zealand Spinal Cord Injury Network (Stem Cell Interventions for Spinal Cord Injury, 2009) and icord.org (Steeves et al., 2012), both leading organisations in SCI treatment. There are however, clinical trials and research going on around the world that use stem cells to treatRead MoreStem Cell Success or Moral Dilemma Essay1599 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Stem cell research saved my life!† For some this is true, and for others its a moral infringement. For many religious grou ps this has been a very controversial, unethical way for scientist to commit murder in the name of science. On the contrary for those riddled with diseases its a chance at a new life. Scientist have come so far over the last few decades in their research, if we now stopped researching stem cell therapy, it would be an enfeeblement to medical technology. It is very importantRead MoreStem Cell Research has the Potential to Alleviate Much Suffering1425 Words   |  6 Pageswords of former First Lady Nancy Reagan: â€Å"Embryonic stem cell research has the potential to alleviate so much suffering. Surely, by working together we can harness its life-giving potential.† Stem cell research shows so much promise to help people by treating diseases and other problems through therapy. While it seems as though the clear answer is that we should study stem cells as soon as possible, this is sadly not the case. Stem cell research is an ongoing controversy within politics and the courtsRea d MoreStem Cells Essay1699 Words   |  7 Pagesseems like scientific research has provided us with a hope for these diseases. This essay will address the issue of controversial research in stem cells. This technology offers hope to millions who are victims of a multitude of diseases and disorders. It can be used to regrow limbs, create organs, attack genetic diseases, treat malfunctioning bladders, etc. However, this same technology is also one of the most controversial debates in science today. If you type â€Å"stem cells research† into your GoogleRead MoreEssay On Pluripotent Cells1143 Words   |  5 Pages). The use of pluripotent cells, allow researchers to conduct drug testing in a wide range of cell types. Thus, improving outcomes for patients with many neurological diseases. The loss of neurons and glial cells cause neurological disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease and multiple sclerosis. Current major therapies focus on oral medications, in the case of Parkinson’s disease, L-dopa, and dopamine receptor agonists, in addition to deep-brain stimulation in the subthalamic nucleus. FurthermoreRead MoreCell Cells And Adult Stem Cells Essay889 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Stem cells have the potential to differentiate into other cells or divide to produce more stem cells. There are two main types: pluripotent stem cells and adult stem cells. The adult stem cells only produce certain types of cells and are categorised as multipotent. In contrast, pluripotent stem cells have the ability to differentiate into any body cell (Stemcellfoundation.net.au, 2015); for example embryonic stem cells were first identified by Martin Evans in 1981 at The UniversityRead MoreStem Cell Research And The Medical Field Essay1736 Words   |  7 PagesStem cells have become one of the largest research fields in the Department of Regenerative Medicine. They are often referred to as the â€Å"building blocks of nature† due to their ability to transform into any type of cell in the human body. It has led to the controversy of the possible chance that stem cells can regenerate organs, and cure life threatening diseases. This topic has been publicly discussed among scient ists and healthcare professionals. There are different types of stem cells, such asRead MoreStem Cells And Its Effects On Society909 Words   |  4 PagesStem cells are  unspecialized  cell that can both reproduce itself indefinitely and, under  proper  conditions, differentiate into specialized cells of one or more types.  (Reece, Jane B., and Lisa A.  Urry, 2011.) The term â€Å"stem cells† were first seen in scientific literature in 1868, a German biologist Ernst Haeckel used this term to describe the fertilized egg that becomes an organism. On February 2, 1963 the firs piece of evidence of blood stem cells  seem, Ernest McCulloch and James Till conducted

Bruce Tuckmans stages of group development- Team Development Model

Question: Describe about the bruce tuckman forming storming norming performing team development model? Answer: Introduction Joe and Harry combined their first names to form a Johari model that is used as a model for self-awareness, interpersonal relationships, personal development, group dynamics, inter-group relationships and team development. The window expresses information on feelings, attitudes, skills, experience, motivation etc. The Johari window is also used to represent a team in relation with other groups. It is a square with four panels as a pictorial representation of degree of how known we are to others and ourselves (West and Turner, 2006). Johari Window Four Quadrants The Johari window has four quadrants- Arena, Blindspot, Faade and Unknown area. Every person is represented by their own window. Mine is described as under: Quadrant 1- Arena The arena or open area, free self or free area or open self is also known as the area of free activity. The quadrant gives the information about a persons behavior, knowledge, feelings, attitude, views, skills etc that is known by both the group and self (South, 2007). I know my name and age, and so do the other people. This region determines the amount of co-operation and communication I have with other people. When I first meet a new person, I dont gel up quickly. I take a lot of time to get comfortable with the person and create the comfort zone. I dont get too talkative or expressive in the beginning. The aim of a group is to explore and widen the open area so as to enhance communication in the team. I usually start with a relatively small open area because of lack of communication skills but it can be enhanced horizontally into the blind area with the support and feedback of my team members. The group members can also help in expanding my arena vertically downwards by disclosure in the group members. This region is the most ideal and open receptive person. There is a high degree of trust and respect in people for me. I am sensitive to the needs of self and others. I have concern for people whom I care. This region also highlights the personal skills in me and other members (Businessballs.com, 2015). In a team, as an action-oriented role, I played the role of Completer-Finisher. I see the projects completed from start to end. I was ensured to make no mistakes. I was not supposed to make any errors or omissions and pay attention to the finest details in the team. I believe in timeliness and I pushed the team to complete the job on time. I get a bit anxious about petty things and worry about small things unnecessarily. I am a perfectionist and follow an orderly fashion. As a people oriented role, I am a resource investigator. I explore options and alternatives for development and negotiation of resources. The external stakeholders who help in accomplishing the teams objective and I helped in coordinating with them. In a thought oriented role, I am a monitor-evaluator. I analyze and evaluate the ideas that people come up with. I consider all pros and cons to the situation before arriving at a decision. I am a critical thinker and apply strategic approach. I am poor in motivating bec ause I react to events rather than instigating it (Shenton, 2007). Quadrant 2- Blindspot This quadrant indicates the unknown factors of a person himself but the others know it is there within him. This region refers to a situation where one is unacquainted with oneself. This region can be made better by getting useful feedback from peers and managers (Sutton and Stewart, 2002). In an ongoing conversation, I might lose an eye contact that is not noticeable by me but was told from my peers. Sensitive feedback was given by people so that I realize my inner capabilities that are hidden from me. The blind area is not a productive space for an individual. This is basically ignorance about oneself. The capability hidden turns me unproductive that what is expected of me. For example, while eating in a restaurant some food particle sticks on my mouth. I dont see it but the other people can see it. Unless the other people tell me about the food particle stuck on my mouth, I wont know since it is a blind spot to me. I did not get very sincere answers from my peers as they hesitated to share any problem thinking they would embarrass me (West and Turner, 2007). In a team as an action oriented role, I have hidden capabilities of a Shaper. I challenge the team to improve on the grounds of punctuality and timeliness. I was told by peers that I am an extrovert who questions norms and takes effort to solve problems by developing the best strategies. I find obstacles as new challenges that need to be overcome. I dont let the team members quit when they want to. I motivate them in my very own ways. I get argumentative at times, and that offends the feelings of other people. As a role in people- oriented, I am a coordinator. I guide the team and the stakeholders by bringing them together in the best motive. Team cohesion is a priority for me where I can help people getting along and resolving conflicts. I bring out the best motive and value from each team member by delegating those tasks what they are good at. I tend to be manipulative at times as reported by my peers. Sometimes, I also try to shred away too many responsibilities from me. As a thou ght orientation, I am a Specialist, I can only contribute to a team task because of lack in specialized knowledge (Businessballs.com, 2015). When comparing with Tuckmans team model, it undergoes the Storming stage. The decisions dont apply easily within the group in this phase. There needs to be a focus on goals of the team so as to avoid getting distracted by emotional issues and relationships. There is formation of cliques and factions with the struggle for power. At times, to enable progress, compromises may be necessary (Sutton and Stewart, 2002). Quadrant 3- Faade This is the hidden area of what the person knows about himself but is unknown to others. These involve fears, manipulative intentions, sensitivities or anything a person does not reveal about himself. In a team role, according to action orientation, I play the role of an Implementer. I get things done through people in a manipulative way that I know would be beneficial for the team. I am conservative in nature and do not like to beat around the bush. I am organized and work systematically. Other do not know my inflexibility to new changes been made in the environment and I follow escapism in such cases. As a people oriented, I play the role of a team worker. I bring the team together by supporting them and making work as a single unit. I have a tendency to be indecisive when it comes to making decisions or maintaining positions. I help people get along their problems. I fear judgment or vulnerability therefore hide back my feelings for a situation. As a thought oriented, I am a Plant who tends to ignore given constraints and parameters. I am impractical at times and a poor communicator. A lot of hidden information is work-related and not very personal. Sometimes people get emotion ally upset and need some motivation as they are resilient in nature. This has also been described in the Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. The relevant hidden information or feelings must be moved in the open area by self-disclosure and exposure process (Handy, 2000). When compared to Tuckmans model, it undergoes Norming stage. The roles and responsibilities are clear enough and acceptable. The decision making process is handed over to individuals for minor issues. The unity and commitment in the group or team is strong. The team has a working style that proves beneficial as a whole. Also, the team leader engages in social as well as fun activities. There is a general respect for the team leader among team members and that is evident. The organizational culture has a major influence on the team members for disclosing their hidden selves. Even the working atmosphere in the group matters for the same reason. The extent to which I disclose my personal feelings or information must be at my own discretion (mindtools.com, 2015). Conclusion Johari window helps in analyzing personal self and also other peoples behavior and thinking patterns, interpersonal skills, and attitudes. This is helpful and taken into consideration in job profiling, human resource planning, customer relations and human resource planning. As a self-disclosure to be effective, judgment needs to be practiced by me. I must be honest and clear with my opinions. The estimate must be made to enhance a building relationship. The Johari window helps disclosures in enormous ways. Open area is considered to be the most ideal region for a person to explore oneself and others knowing the exact you. References Businessballs.com, (2015).bruce tuckman forming storming norming performing team development model. [online] Available at: https://www.businessballs.com/tuckmanformingstormingnormingperforming.htm [Accessed 7 Jul. 2015]. Businessballs.com, (2015).johari window model - helpful for personal awareness and group relationships. [online] Available at: https://www.businessballs.com/johariwindowmodel.htm [Accessed 7 Jul. 2015]. Handy, C. (2000).21 ideas for managers. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Mindtools.com, (2015).Belbin's Team Roles: How Understanding Team Roles Can Improve Team Performance. [online] Available at: https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_83.htm [Accessed 7 Jul. 2015]. Shenton, A. (2007). Viewing information needs through a Johari Window.Reference Services Review, 35(3), pp.487-496. South, B. (2007). Combining mandala and the Johari Window: An exercise in self-awareness.Teaching and Learning in Nursing, 2(1), pp.8-11. Sutton, J. and Stewart, W. (2002).Learning to counsel. Oxford: How To Books. Verklan, M. (2007). Johari Window.The Journal of Perinatal Neonatal Nursing, 21(2), pp.173-174. West, R. and Turner, L. (2006).Understanding interpersonal communication. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth. West, R. and Turner, L. (2007).Introducing communication theory. Boston: McGraw-Hill.

Scarlet Letter Essays (751 words) - Film, English-language Films

Scarlet Letter The human mind is a powerful force and often works in unexplainable and mysterious ways. In The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne shows this through the lives and actions of Hester Prynne, Roger Chillingworth and Arthur Dimmesdale; three characters in a Puritan society who are affected by the sin of adultery. Each character gives a perspective of how the beliefs of the human mind control ones body and quality of life. Hester is the woman found guilty of committing adultery, and as punishment, is forced to wear a scarlet letter A on her chest. Hester believes that she has sinned, and thinks that she can redeem herself by doing good in the Puritan community. She is constantly reminded of her sin by her daughter, Pearl, who asks endless questions about the scarlet letter, yet Hester remains a strong role model to her. With Hesters positive attitude and by living her life the ways she is, many people refused to interpret the scarlet A by its original signification. They said it meant Able,; so strong was Hester Prynne (page 148). Hester is Able because she is a single mother raising a daughter, is skillful ay sewing, and also is considerate by giving money to the poor even though she does not have much herself. At one point during a brief period of happiness in the woods, Hester tears off the scarlet letter from her bosom, and removes her hair cap. Suddenly, her mind is free of the burdens she has end ured, and she is physically beautiful again. In this short time, where she is happy and her mind is set free, her body also changes and the beauty she once had reappears. Roger Chillingworth was once a kind-hearted man, and is also Hesters husband, although no one else is aware of this. When he discovers that the father of Hesters child is Dimmesdale, he slowly changes from a good, trustworthy man to an evil parasite possessed with revenge. His overwhelming jealously causes Chillingworth a lot of distress, and as he mentally becomes vengeful, his physical deformity worsens, and he also appears to be more evil and sinful. Much like a leech he used to hurt Dimmesdale, Chillingworth attaches himself to Dimmesdales soul, and is consumed with punishing, torturing, and sucking all the life out of him, like a leech does to its host. Chillingworth is so attached that once Dimmesdale dies, he himself dies within a year, as if he now has nothing to live for. Perhaps the greatest example of mind over body is the Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale. Feeling guilty about the sin he committed, Dimmesdale repeatedly tortures himself both physically and mentally. Dimmesdale believes that torturing himself in the privacy of his home will make up for a public confession. He thinks that because of the sin he committed, and himself being a Puritan minister, he does not deserve anything but pain. The Puritan age is a time when people in society are expected to be literally perfect and free from sin, but under all the strict rules and regulations, one will eventually break down from all the stress and pressure. This is what happens to Dimmesdale. His mind is filled with chaos, as he sincerely wants to confess, but is unable to do so. As time goes by, Dimmesdale becomes more ill and weak. Finally, Dimmesdale confesses moments before he dies, and when he does, a scarlet letter A is seen on Dimmesdales chest. Although it is not certain how this mark appeared or how long it has been there, a possible explanation might be that through all the self-inflicted punishment, self-torture and guilt, Dimmesdales mind and conscience afflicted a scarlet A on his chest. In varying ways, these three characters of Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter are forced to deal with the sin of adultery. Their actions are dramatically based on what their minds believe. Hester has the most strength; she is able to move on, live a life of integrity, and become accepted by society. Chillingworth is so consumed with revenge that eventually it consumes his life, and Dimmesdale is so caught up on how he should be punished that he too, is consumed. Hawthorne shows that the perceptions of

A Look At The Critical Understanding Of Law Social Work Essay Essays

A Look At The Critical Understanding Of Law Social Work Essay Essays A Look At The Critical Understanding Of Law Social Work Essay Essay A Look At The Critical Understanding Of Law Social Work Essay Essay There are legion Acts of the Apostless and counsel that need to be considered which make this a complicated exercising. The first is the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act, 1970 s1 which requires local governments to be cognizant of the figure of handicapped people in their boundary in order to program and develop proviso of services. Furthermore, under s46 of the National Health Service and Community Care Act, 1990 they have a duty to print a program of community attention services provided. As Mr B is the carer, the Carers ( Equal Opportunities ) Act, 2004 requires Countyshire to inform him of his entitlement to a Carer s appraisal ( Wilson et al, 2008 ) . Whilst Mr A lived with his brother, Countyshire would hold a statutory responsibility under the NHSCCA ( 1990 ) and the Carers ( Recognition and Services ) Act, 1995 to measure Mr B s demands as chief carer for his brother as Mr B is ordinary occupant at that place. The Carers and Disabled Children Act ( 2000 ) gives Mr B the right to bespeak an appraisal even if Mr A is non involved with attention services. Local Authority Circular ( 2004 ) 24 s2 lineations good pattern for Mr B s engagement in his brother s assessment procedure. For Mr A, under s47 of the NHSCCA ( 1990 ) , Countyshire would hold a statutory responsibility to measure his demands while he was populating with his brother and a farther responsibility under the policy counsel, Fair Access to Care Services 2002, issued under s7 ( 1 ) of the Local Authority Social Services Act 1970, to make up ones mind within a sensible clip, what community attention services should be provided to run into his demands ( DOH, 2010 ) . The statute law is complex for supplying services, including adjustment, for Mr A. There are overlapping and conflicting duties and a elaborate history for Mr A is missing. This highlights the demand for a thorough appraisal by a Social Worker and the appropriate sharing of information between the local governments concerned. Because support attention is expensive governments may conceal behind the complexness of the jurisprudence to hedge their duty. As Mr A was detained under s37 of the Mental Health Act, 1983 ( as amended by Mental Health Act, 2007 ) he would, upon go forthing infirmary under s117 MHA ( 1983 ) , receive free after-care services for his mental wellness for every bit long as is required. As Mr A was detained in Ashire, that Local Authority, Local Health Board and Primary Care Trust are responsible for financing any after-care services ( DOH, 2008 and Barber et Al, 2009 ) . After-care services under s117 of MHA ( 1989 ) would non be withdrawn from Mr A if he declined them, or Ashire discharged him from attention. Even if Mr A was good settled in the community, he may go on to necessitate after-care services in instance of backsliding or mental wellness impairment. They would merely be withdrawn if Ashire local authorization, Mr A and the PCT agreed that he no longer needed them ( DOH, 2008 ) . If such an understanding was made by Ashire so Mr A would be unable to acquire after-care free under s117 of MHA ( 1989 ) but would necessitate to be assessed under s47 of the NHSCCA ( 1990 ) for Countyshire to supply attention under the National Assistance Act ( 1948 ) . The MHA ( 1983 ) does non specify what aftercare is, nevertheless it is accompanied by a Code of Practice, 2008, which, although non statutory is regarded as counsel, as confirmed in the instance of R ( Munjaz ) V Mersey Care NHS Trust ( 2005 ) ( Brammer, 2010 and Barber et Al, 2009 ) . The Code of Practice under 27.13 provides a list of countries to be considered in an appraisal which the Social Worker, with Mr A, should include in the written after attention program ( DOH, 2008 ) . There have been legion differences between local governments over the definition of ordinary occupant, within s24 of the NAA ( 1948 ) , and occupant in s117 ( 3 ) of the MHA ( 1993 ) , and, hence, which authorization is responsible for funding a individual s residential attention. The recent publication Ordinary Residence by the Department of Health and the instance of R ( on the application of M ) v. London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham and Another ; R ( on the application of Hertfordshire County Council ) v. London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham ( 2010 ) have provided lucidity and counsel for pattern confirming that for the intents of s117 MHA ( 1983 ) afterAÂ ­care, s24 ( 5 ) of the NAA ( 1948 ) does non use ( RadclifeLeBrasseur, 2010 ) . In the instance of Mr A, if he is still under s117 MHA ( 1989 ) the responsibility to supply after-care services, including adjustment, would stay with Ashire as the local authorization where he was detained even though he is populating i n Countyshire ( DOH, 2010 ) . Countyshire, under s24 ( 3 ) of the NAA ( 1948 ) , ab initio placed Mr A in the residential place to supply reprieve for his brother. The place is registered for occupants with dementedness and physical disablements. Upon the determination to remain at that place for good, Countyshire would hold a common responsibility to re-assess Mr A to guarantee the place is appropriate for his demands. If it is non portion of Mr A s attention program to supply appropriate adjustment for his mental wellness so Countyshire would necessitate to fund his adjustment, under s21 of the NAA ( 1948 ) . Mr A would besides run into the standards under the NAA ( 1948 ) s29 ( 1 ) for his domiciliary attention services to be provided by the local authorization. NAA ( 1948 ) s29 ( 4 ) with LAC ( 93 ) 10 besides outlines what attention services should be considered and s2 of the CSDPA ( 1970 ) gives the local authorization the power and responsibility to supply such services. If the adjustment is provided for M r A s wellness demands, the NHS are responsible as the local authorization is non able to supply wellness services as defined in s21 ( 8 ) NAA ( 1948 ) . If Mr A funded his ain adjustment he would be classed as a self-funder and require an ordinary abode with Countyshire, in line with the settled intent trial in Shah v London Borough of Barnet ( 1983 ) . NAA ( 1948 ) s22 ( 2 ) allows Countyshire to bear down Mr A for the adjustment. When transporting out the fiscal appraisal they must utilize the National Assistance ( Assessment of Resources ) Regulations ( 1992 ) in concurrence with Charging For Residential Accommodation Guide, which is updated yearly ( DOH, 2010 ) . At present there is no specific statute law in England for vulnerable grownup protection. The jurisprudence modulating the safeguarding of vulnerable grownups is taken from a figure of comparatively recent policies, counsel and instance jurisprudence ( Clements and Thompson, 2007 ) . Safeguarding has merely late become recognised as an country of work in its ain right. It is an progressively of import portion of a Social Worker s duties, as policy and counsel has given societal service governments the lead function in covering with safeguarding issues ( Mandelstam, 2008 ) . The local authorization as a public organic structure, under the Human Rights Act 1998 s6, has a responsibility of attention towards its citizens, to protect them from injury and continue their human rights ( Braye, 2010 ) . In Z and others v UK ( 2001 ) the European Court of Human Rights found the local authorization to be in misdemeanor of s6 ( 3 ) HRA ( 1998 ) , holding failed to take sensible stairss to forestall serious ill-treatment when they were cognizant of maltreatment ( Clements and Thompson, 2007 ) . Safeguarding Adults processs should be put in topographic point, in line with HRA ( 1998 ) , to back up a individual to populate a life that is free from maltreatment and disregard ( ADASS, 2005 ) . As the local authorization has been made cognizant of Mr A s recent behavior towards the other occupants it is of import that they appoint an Investigating Officer and take sensible stairss to forestall any maltreatment. The Care Standards Act, 2000 criterion 18, stipulates that local governments and attention places must hold a written safeguarding policy which would use to Ashire, Countyshire and the private attention place. Besides in 2000, the Department of Health published the No Secrets policy papers, which provides counsel to local governments on how to protect vulnerable grownups and implement policies to protect them. The policy requires local governments to hold written multi bureau safeguarding processs and policies ( Brammer, 2010 ) . No Secrets is regarded as statutory counsel because the LASSA ( 1970 ) , s7 requires a local authorization to move under such counsel. The instance of R v Islington LBC, ex p Rixon ( 1996 ) , demonstrated that an authorization is moving unlawfully if they deviate from the counsel ( Mandelstram, 2008 ) . The Association of Directors of Social Services in 2004, published the Protocol For Inter-Authority Investigation Of Vulnerable Adult Abuse. This protocol with mention to s3.8 of No Secrets ( 2000 ) and National Assistance Act 1948 LAC ( 93 ) 7, clarified the duty and actions of the host and puting local governments with respects to safeguarding. In the instance of Mr A, although the residential place contacted Ashire, it would be the duty of Countyshire, as the host local authorization, to take the lead in safeguarding processs. However, a nexus individual from Ashire would be invited to go to any grownup protection scheme meeting, if it is the local authorization funding his adjustment, as it would still be expected to hold a responsibility of go oning attention for Mr A ( 2004: 1-2 ) . In 2005, ADASS published Safeguarding Adults, supplying a national model for good pattern in grownup protection work, including giving clear clip frames, multi bureau working and inside informations of duties ( Clements and Thompson, 2007 ; Brammer, 2010 ) . Whilst following safeguarding processs it is of import for the local authorization to maintain to the Data Protection Act, 1998. However, No Secrets states, It is inappropriate for bureaus to give confidences of absolute confidentiality in instances where there are concerns about maltreatment, peculiarly in those state of affairss when other vulnerable people may be at hazard ( 2000: 24 ) . A unfavorable judgment of the No Secrets policy is that vulnerable grownups are defined as people in demand of community attention services who are unable to protect themselves from abuse so it does non take into consideration people who do non necessitate community attention services ( Clements and Thompson, 2007 ) . Safeguarding Adults model introduced the term safeguarding and moved off from the description of protection and vulnerable ( Brayne and Carr, 2010 ) . ADASS defined Safeguarding Adults as, This phrase means all work which enables an grownup who is or may be eligible for community attention services to retain independency, wellbeing and pick and to entree their human right to populate a life that is free from maltreatment and disregard ( 2005: 5 ) . Using the ADASS definition, the vulnerable grownups in this instance, would be Mr A, and all the other occupants in the residential place, given his current and old behavior. As Mr A is shacking at a private residential attention place, the place, along with the local authorization, will be regulated by The CSA, 2000, supported by National Minimum Standards. Standard 18 of the NMS provinces that the registered individual at the attention place demands to guarantee that service users are safeguarded from maltreatment ( Clements and Thompson, 2007 ; Brammer, 2010 ) . The registered individual and perchance other attention staff from the place would, hence, be invited to the safeguarding scheme meeting. Under the Care Homes Regulations 2001, it is the duty of the attention place registered individual to inform the Care Quality Commission ( CQC ) of any suspected maltreatment ( Brammer, 2010 ) . Hampshire County Council Safeguarding Policy states that although the CQC should be informed and invited to a safeguarding scheme meeting, it is non routinely necessary for them to go to ( 2010: 52 ) . However, following the CQC Safeguarding Protocol Procedures they should supply any relevant information for the meeting ( 2010: 11 ) . Safeguarding Adults model provide counsel on constabulary engagement ; if a offense is alleged to hold taken topographic point so they should be involved every bit shortly as possible and make up ones mind whether they will be taking action ( 2005: 34 ) . However, as Mr A has committed no offense, the constabulary may non necessitate to be invited to a scheme meeting. The care-co-ordinator, head-shrinker and GP for Mr A would be invited to go to a scheme meeting ( Dorset For You, 2007 ) . If a safeguarding appraisal scheme is decided at the scheme meeting, Mr A, as he is deemed to hold mental capacity, could besides be involved with the appraisal procedure and his positions taken into history. However, Countyshire must move to continue the human rights of all citizens and as other occupants potentially are at hazard, this responsibility will take precedency ( ADASS, 2005 ) . The instance of Mr A has shown that although local authorization societal services have a legal responsibility and duty to supply, fund and safeguard the most suited attention, this is a complex undertaking affecting an apprehension of overlapping and conflicting duties, from a broad scope of primary statute law, secondary statute law, waies, counsel and instance Torahs ( Wilson et al, 2008 ) . The instance of Mr A supports the Law Commission s current work to make, under one act, a consistent legal model for the proviso of grownup societal attention similar to the Children Act, 1989 ( Law Commission, 2010 ) . Word Count: 2196

Compare and Contrast National Athletic Association (NCAA) Coursework

Compare and Contrast National Athletic Association (NCAA) - Coursework Example The common situation among college participants is that they do not have the right to profit from their own aptitudes despite the NCAA doing so. Media and game giant, Electronic Art pays NCAA to use its bowl games and team names in videogames like NCAA Basketball as well as NCAA Football. This college version does not include players’ names; hence they do not share the splits with the NCAA for the governing body contends student-athletes receive enough benefits worth their caliber. These benefits comprise free college education to the athletes through sponsorships, which mainly is in terms of waiving tuition. Mainly, revenues emanate from broadcast agreements, tickets besides other sources like subsidies among the division I institutions (Burnsed, 2014). Regardless of all these funds, athletics associated costs rise at a fast rate such that expenses surpass the obtained revenue in all except 20 institutions in division I-A, for instance, the annual median proceeds from 2012 to 2013 augmented by 3.2% but their expenses managed to top by 10.6% (Burnsed, 2014). These institutions outside the 20 could not make profits therefore since expenses were more than their revenue forcing them to subsidies. Institutions like University of Michigan alongside other others with major athletics programs make profits, hence no need for subsidies for the sports fetch them quite a sum of profits. For instance, when The University of Michigan won the national championship in 1997, managed to realize proceeds of approximately 14 million dollars from the football program yet at that time many other institutions complained of poverty when advised to expand their financial aids (Rosner & Shropshire, 2011). The profit making institutions from athletics have managed to take their sports to another level by compensation of celebrity coaches,

Live-Action American Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Live-Action American Film - Essay Example Thereafter when the posse moves out of the train, the director transitions the angle of the camera to ensure that it is level with the Posse however that the camera has been positioned behind them which mean that the audience only sees their backs (Dirks 1). Hill subsequently changes to the use of a telephoto lens to show that the posse is far creating a scenario where they do not tire of the chase thereby creating an image that is familiar. The telephoto lens ensures that the identity of the posse is not revealed to the audience and ensures that the audience can only relate to Butch and Kid. This is because the director has created a sense of the unknown and makes the audience want to know more about the posse (Dirks 1). The use of a zoom feature is used to ensure that the audience feels that they are a part of the fast chase. In one of the chase scenes, the camera zooms in on the posse then slowly zooms out to the location where Butch and Kid who are climbing up a mountainside not too far from the posse and therefore the audience can see how fast the posse is gaining on them(Dirks 1). Another example of the manner in which Hill makes inventive use of storytelling is in his use of music in the film. The music was limited to four sequences; in the first, Butch Cassidy (takes Etta who is Sundance’s girl out for a morning ride on the bicycle. The music that is used is â€Å"Raindrops Keep Falling on my Head† that was written by Burt Bacharach (Dirks 1). The second sequence uses an orchestra theme that is used to set out a montage of photographs of Butch, Etta and Sundance as they travel to New York City. The third use of music is seen when it is used to show the robbing adventures of Butch, Etta and Kid in Bolivia and here a pop them is performed by both a chorus and an orchestra. Music is also used briefly as an underscore in a later scene

Screening of Sugar Cane Alley and Eve's Bayou Essay

Screening of Sugar Cane Alley and Eve's Bayou - Essay Example It is one of the French films, which were directed by Palcy Euzhan in 1989. It has its setting in Martinique during the 1930s. The film revolves around the story of the mistreatment by the whites as they worked as slaves during the 1930s. The film is mainly based on the semi-autobiographical novel that was compiled by Zobel Joseph (Rue). The cinematography that has been used in the movie consists of tilt-shift photography. The cinematographer applied medium sized lenses to ensure the control of the plane of focus orientation making certain parts of the image appear sharp. This is the reason for the different shapes and lightings of the image in the film. Part of the film also reveals the traditional cinematography with dull brown outlooks. The music in the movie is has slow rhythm and low tone that allows for the clear narration of the movie hence facilitating the comprehension of the viewers. The teacher, Mr. Rock has the most influence on Jose. His influence is academic and racial related (Rue). He accuses him falsely because of plagiarism when he writes an essay explaining the suffering of the slaves in the sugar cane plantations. I identify myself with Jose. He is focused and is forgiving. He actually marches my traits. Formal education is portrayed in the film through the school learning system. Scholarships are other examples or elements found in the formal education. The movie also shows that formal education does not allow for copying of other people’s ideas (plagiarism), therefore, it stresses on creativity and absolute originality. Joe runs away from school after being accused of plagiarism. Informal education is shown on the movie through the teachings of Joe by his grandmother. This form of education does not require class work or education.... Joe runs away from school after being accused of plagiarism. Informal education is shown on the movie through the teachings of Joe by his grandmother. This form of education does not require class work or education. It is not also expensive like formal one hence no scholarships for it. Contrast, in the film, is portrayed through the depiction of class difference in the film. Joe’s grandmother, Tine is one of the extreme poor individuals in this society. There are extremely rich people in the same society, for instance, Leopold’s parents who are landowners. The filmmaker has employed his tactics and experience in ensuring that the entire film is not about the sentiments of Jose’s education, through the inclusion of his grandmother. The way Tine is treated is meant to inform the viewers on the core theme of the film, which is racism, and class disparities during the 1930s American societies. Leopold and his parents have been portrayed as opportunistic individuals. They offer Jose food in return for his labor service in their farm making him miss classes. This, in turn, is a portrayal that the society consists of class disparities and unfairness reins the entire society. The scene with Jose and Medouze is an educative one whereby Jose learns of the past and the experience undergone by his grandparents and ancestors (Rue). Despite being the fact that the movie is based on the novel, there is a distinct between the novel and the movie. The difference is on the settings of the two. The settings are on two different places and time. The movie was produced in the 1960s whereas the book was published earlier than that. Gender issues have been revealed in the movie as one of

A Dialogue Paper on Human Cloning :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

A Dialogue Paper on Human Cloning This dialogue is between two students at the university. Steve is a little uncomfortable about cloning, while Sally presents many valid arguments in favor of it. Steve presents many moral questions that Sally answers. Steve: Hi, Sally. Are you aware that the Scottish embryologist, Ian Wilmut, cloned a sheep from adult cells, and now, there are many moral, economic, and political questions that must be answered. Sally: Interestingly enough, I was just reading about this topic in a magazine. I was amazed at the simplicity of the cloning process used by Dr. Wilmut and his colleagues. The process of cloning a sheep begins by taking the cells from the udder of an adult sheep, and placing them in a culture with few nutrients. The purpose of this is to starve the cells so that they stop dividing. This switches off the active genes. While they starve these cells, they take an unfertilized egg from a different ewe, and remove the nucleus from this unfertilized egg. Then, they place the unfertilized egg cell next to one of the original starved cells Steve: How do the two cells come together? Does it happen spontaneously? Sally: No, it does not happen spontaneously. An electric pulse fuses the two cells together. A second electric pulse makes the cell divide. After six days, Dr. Wilmut placed this embryo into a different ewe, and after a normal gestation period, the new baby sheep named Dolly was born. She was named after Dolly Parton. Steve: But cloning is not new. In 1952, researchers in Pennsylvania cloned a live frog. What makes Dr. Wilmut's achievement so special? Sally: Yes, it is true that a frog was cloned in 1952, but those scientists used an embryonic cell. Dr. Wilmut used an adult cell. Steve: What is the difference between using an embryonic cell and an adult cell? Sally: Embryonic cells are "undifferentiated." Undifferentiated cells have not gone through changes that make some cells into skin cells or muscle cells or brain cells, for example. Undifferentiated cells can become any cell in the body because it can activate any gene on any chromosome, but as cells develop, the DNA of certain cells fold in particular ways making large portions of the DNA inaccessible. This makes sure that the wrong genes do not get turned on at the wrong time or in the wrong place.

Definitions of Justice in the Melian Dialogue

Amidst an interlude in the fierce struggle for power between the two dominant Greek poleis, Athens and Sparta, the Peloponnesian war, there was unrest. Despite the Peace of Nicias, belligerence between the two states did not cease, but rather took on a new face. While careful to remain within the parameters set several years before in the peace treaty, Athens moved cautiously, but aggressively in establishing alliances, albeit coerced, and strengthening its empire. It was at this juncture that it made its move toward securing the small, weak island-state of Melos, which in its neutral independence suggested danger to the Athenian empire.In a move not of fairness, but of survival, Athens offered the Melians an ultimatum: to be subjugated under Athenian rule as a colony, or be utterly destroyed. It is the Melian dialogue which follows and presents the presumed diplomatic debate between the two nations; the Melian people’s argument for their own neutrality, and the Athenian peopl e’s attempt to persuade them to submit. The issue which arises in light of the events at Melos remains to be whether it is the people of Melos’ views of justice which is correct, or if it is Athens’ definition which is truer.By examining each city-state’s contributions to the Melian dialogue, each respective interpretation becomes clear, enabling further judgement on the event’s outcome. The Athenians offer the Melians a choice in their own fate, both of which result in Athens’ domination; essentially, this boils down to the Athenian’s definition of justice lying in expediency for those in power. Not a question of fairness, for them, justice lies in survival, and that which results in the most certain preservation of both the subduer and the subdued is just, â€Å"†¦ t would involve your submitting before suffering the worst possible fate, and we would profit from not destroying you,† (Thuc, V, 91). For the Athenians, thei r own pursuit of power, and that which enables its acquisition, is paramount to survival, and as heirs to this mentality, they believe it only natural and therefore not reprehensible, â€Å"divinity†¦ and mankind†¦ are under an innate compulsion to rule wherever empowered. Without being either the ones who made this law or the first to apply it after it was laid down, we applied it as one in existence†¦ and one that will endure for all time,† (Thuc. V, 105). The Athenians see no injustice in doing simply as their nature impels them to do. In fact, the Athenians see their offer of subjugation to the Melian people as more than reasonable, â€Å"What we will demonstrate is that we are here to help our empire and that there is salvation for your city in what we are now about to say, since we hope to rule over you without trouble and let both parties benefit as you are saved,† (Thuc. , V, 91). Following their belief in doing what is necessary to strengthen th emselves, even at the expense of others, is what brings Athens to Melos.The Melians, contrarilly, see justice as grounded in fairness. They contend that action based in reason is the true definition of justice. â€Å"There is every advantage in your not destroying a universal benefit, but that at all times there be fairness and justice for those in danger,† (Thuc. ,V, 90). This belief in abstinence from aggression without cause is what defines the fundamental differences in the Athenian’s and the Melian’s philosophies. As a neutral state, Melos remained impartial up until it was confronted by Athens, and it is this confrontation which violates the Melian definition of justice.Having not been harmed by the Melians, nor threatened, they had no right, in the Melian’s eyes, to act toward them with hostility. Desiring only to be left alone, the Melians wanted Athens to accept their neutrality and depart, â€Å"You would not tolerate our staying neutral, frien ds not enemies, but allies of neither side? † (Thuc. , V, 94). According to the Melian definition of justice, Athens has no reason or right to inflict any harm upon them, nor to coerce them into the loss of their independence.Having had no desire to take part in the war between Athens and Sparta, Melos’ conception of justice was disregarded as Athens imposed their own definition of justice upon the island-state, at which point, Melos was forced to fight. The results of Athenian’s view on justice are exemplified its being an empire state holding power over many and acting with aggression when the opportunity for greatness is before it. Holding justice to be that which benefits the strong, the building of an empire serves to allow the mother nation-state to collect monetary benefits and resources from those states which it dominates.This collection enables the powerful polis to become more so and then further its sphere of influence. Additionally, this definition o f justice permits an ambitious city-state to spread, conquering not only the states which stand in direct opposition, but also any that could serve as a barrier to reaching absolute greatness. The Melian’s definition of greatness, likewise, serves to explain its position as an isolationism island city-state. In order to act justly, in accordance with Melian belief, a nation-state must act with aggression only in instances where it is necessary for the safety and welfare of its citizens and only as defensive.Justice would require the respect of a peaceable state’s existence, and the humane treatment of all wartime participants. A just state could not openly provoke another state without cause, nor upset its independence. Ultimately, it was not only a question of justice which lead to the genocide at Melos, but also one of power. It was the Athenian’s drive for power, especially control over others, which lead to its provocation of the Melians, and in fact, their definition of justice nearly demanded it.Under the belief in that which served its own benefit as justice, Athens was spurred toward the indispensable pursuit of power, specifically power over the Melians. The Melian philosophy of neutrality and fairness is in direct opposition to this bellicose ideology. At its heart, the fundamentals of Melian justice conflict with the pursuit of power, i. e. , dominance over others and therefore with Athens, resulting in an insurmountable discrepancy over which their negotiations are futile to transcend.Though the Melian dialogue is a primarily fictional account of a conversation written by a former Athenian, it is clear that the definition of justice that is favored in Thucydides’ account is that of the Melians. Logical and noble, it is the Melian’s defenses of their own interests that wins out as the stronger, while leaving the Athenians’ assertions of justice sounding brutish, pessimistic, and altogether contrary to modern conceptions of justice. It is the Melian’s definition which wins out as truly virtuous and altruistic, exactly what justice should be.

Summary Of Her Dealings With The Jellyby Family

In her dealings with the Jellyby family, Esther observes what could be written off as simply a dysfunctional family. With a mother figure who has her eyes firmly and narrowly set upon the distant shores of Africa and her charity work there, Dickens creates a vital representation of the problems of telescopic philanthropy. Mrs. Jellyby’s husband and children are all but ignored. While he could have entrusted the Jellyby family fully to his third-person narrator, Dickens instead uses Esther as the vessel through which their story is primarily told. When Esther and Caddy Jellyby visit Mrs. Jellyby, after gaining Mr. Turveydrop’s blessing for Caddy’s engagement to Prince, Esther wishes an absent Mr. Jellyby well. In reply, Mrs. Jellyby says,†¦show more content†¦This is not the first time she does this, nor is it the last. In Chapter Six, â€Å"Quiet at Home,† Dickens gives us another example of her more important purpose in the novel: [Jarndyce] asked me what I thought of Mrs. Jellyby. She exerts herself very much for Africa, sir, I said. Nobly! returned Mr. Jarndyce. But you answer like Ada. Whom I had not heard. You all think something else, I see. We rather thought, said I, glancing at Richard and Ada, who entreated me with their eyes to speak, that perhaps she was a little unmindful of her home. Floored! cried Mr. Jarndyce. I was rather alarmed again. Well! I want to know your real thoughts, my dear. I may have sent you there on purpose. We thought that, perhaps, said I, hesitating, it is right to begin with the obligations of home, sir; and that, perhaps, while those are overlooked and neglected, no other duties can possibly be substituted for them. (Norton 60-61). It would be difficult to find a more direct statement regarding Dickens’ personal opinions about foreign policy and domestic charity in relation to misguided overseas philanthropy. While he presents situations surrounding Mrs. Jellyby and Mrs. Pardiggle to convey this thematic message, as relayed through both his omniscient narrator and Esther’s observations, this is the only time he uses a character to make such an