Narrative poems Essays

Story sonnets Essays Story sonnets Paper Story sonnets Paper Paper Topic: Verse A story sonnet consistently has a. characters, plot, setting b. humor c. solid pictures d. embodiment Its a. In the event that there was a notice message set to Jimmy Jet and his TV what might it be. Not to watch or youll transform into a TV. What are the geese seen doing in the sonnet, the Geese The Geese are seen flying south for the winter. for what reason does the speakers father in The Geese need to resemble the Geese? An) in light of the fact that they are so lovely B)because they lay eggs C)because they taste great when they are cooked D)because they speak to opportunity and departure answer=D We realize that the Geese is a verse sonnet since it a)is about geese b)tells a story c)because it communicates sentiments and feelings d)contains characters and exchange answer=c In the walrus and the woodworker what implores mean O clams, come stroll with us! The walrus beseeched. a)command c)beg for b)scream d)question Answer=C when Jimmy stream developed pale and lean what did the creator mean? A)Jimmy got dainty B)Jimmy got fat c-Jimmy got drained and expected to incline toward his sister d-Jimmy became ill ans. A what is an account verse and what gadgets does it use? It utilizes graceful gadgets, for example, rhythm,compact language,rhyme and consideration of sound. Its a type of verse that recounts to a story making employments of the voices of a storyteller and characters. who is the speaker in the walrus and the woodworker? the storyteller what is the tone of this sonnet the walrus and the woodworker senseless and ludicrous what are two primary characters in the walrus and the craftsman doing when they are first observed? strolling close within reach and both cried on the grounds that there was so much sand as indicated by the walrus and the woodworker for what reason should the clams end their walk? since the craftsman and the walrus are going to discuss numerous things what stunt does the walrus and the craftsman play on the clams they are going to give the shellfish a portion of bread, a charming walk, and talk along the sea shore. To get them away so they could eat the shellfish What are the highlights of a verse sonnet? short rhyming stanzas with center around trials or picture or article while recounting to a story in a graceful structure. In the verse sonnet February Twilight What is the writer communicating sentiments about? aloneness, and the individual in the sonnet watching a star as it watched them. where is the speaker in Febr. Sundown close to a slope with new snow upon it. What jimmies transform into he transforms into a total television in Jimmy fly and his television what is the speakers disposition towards Jimmy shock since he observes so much television. who is the speaker in the Geese the child of the dad that viewed the geese who is the creator of the Walrus and the craftsman Lewis Carroll who is the creator of the February Twilight Sara Teasdale Who is creator of Jimmy stream and his television Shel silverstein Creator of the geese is Richard Peck what is rhyme plan of walrus ABCBDB rhyme plan of February ABCB What is rhyme sheme of Jimmy Jet ABAB What is the rhyme plan of the Geese ABAB what number of refrains in the geese 3 what number of refrains in walrus and the woodworker 18 what number of refrains are in February dusk 2 what number of stazas are in jimmy fly and his television 5

The Power of Free Speech

Proposal Statement While free discourse can help in making a dynamic culture uncontrolled free discourse goes about as a damaging power that can affect despise, outrage and brutality which thus expects it to be restricted to certain legitimate boundaries.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on The Power of Free Speech explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction The idea of the Freedom of Speech is credited to being a basic human right wherein individuals are enabled to trade thoughts, data or ideas unafraid of control or obstruction. Actually, it is a first Amendment directly inside the U.S. which keeps the legislature from building up laws that encroach upon an individual’s natural option to free discourse and quiet appeal. It must be noted however that in spite of the Freedom of Speech being a first Amendment right, ensuing alterations to the constitution just as different chronicled acts, for example, the Sedition Act of 1798 and the Espio nage Act of 1917 have subsequently constrained the utilization of the Freedom of Speech to specific limits (Peck, 1). The purpose for this is fairly straightforward, as a key human right accessible to an individual from birth the Freedom of Speech can, and frequently is, mishandled so as to seek after an individual or gathering objective. Governments as Protectors of Social Stability What must be comprehended is that administrations are defenders of their residents in that their principle reason for existing is to guarantee the proceeded with presence of the nation and the dependability of society. It is because of this job governments play that so as to guarantee social security different laws and acts are generally actualized which control certain opportunities so as to guarantee proceeded with harmony and stability.Advertising Looking for paper on political theories? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This clarifies why certai n demonstrations made to constrain the Freedom of Speech have been forced in different cases in U.S. history because of the need to constrain the conceivable destabilizing impacts that the Freedom of Speech can welcome on a case to case premise. In view of this it tends to be said that while free discourse can help in making a dynamic culture uncontrolled free discourse goes about as a dangerous power that can instigate abhor, outrage and brutality which subsequently expects it to be restricted to certain legitimate limits. Defending the Limitation of Free Speech As referenced before, free discourse can either go about as an incredible instrument for dynamic social change or brutal social outcomes relying upon its utilization. Constraints to free discourse should in this way be made as far as their proposed social results and be legitimate as opposed to a summed up restriction on specific themes. For instance the dissent of the Westboro Baptist church individuals at the burial servi ce of Marine Lance Corporal Mathew Synder ought to have been forestalled because of the proposed social outcome of making oppression gay gatherings (Hines, 1). The reason for such a dissent was clearly to keep on spreading scorn and inclination against the gay populace and as such can be viewed as a maltreatment of an intrinsic right. Additionally the depiction of President Obama as a chimpanzee being shot in an as of late distributed paper article is similarly a maltreatment of rights since it straightforwardly interfaces with the different occasions endured by the African American individuals that establish racial partiality and segregation (Delonas, 1). What must be comprehended is that while there are different pundits who express that the option to free discourse ought to be protected the reality remains that its usage as a stage for the spread of confused and contemptuous thoughts keeps it from turning into a correct that doesn’t should be limited.Advertising We will co mpose a custom paper test on The Power of Free Speech explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Allowing the uncontrolled spread of socially harming thoughts and causes not just makes cultural destabilization as found in the different cases in the Middle East yet affects different gatherings to spread detest filled messages which don't have any beneficial outcome on society. Free Speech as a Powerful Tool for Change What must be comprehended is that discourse is a useful asset for transform; it can begin significant social and political changes inside a country or even society all in all which on occasion is inconvenient towards planned objectives set by governments. For instance, the ongoing transformation in Egypt which toppled the system of Hosni Mubarak was itself brought about by the intensity of discourse actuating the majority towards insurgency (Scaliger, 15). Truth be told the present changes occurring in the Middle East today are an immediate aftereffect of th e thoughts conveyed by the force discourse from nation to nation bringing about upheavals which have toppled various long time government systems. The intensity of discourse has additionally been known to correct social change wherein the â€Å"Green Movement† has begun changes in practices ascribed towards more prominent mindfulness for ecological issues, natural consideration and the need to utilize strategies for asset protection. From this it tends to be seen that the intensity of discourse is really significant anyway dependent on the case of Egypt and the Middle East it very well may be a reason for worry for different governments since uncontrolled free discourse can and will bring about activities which may upset different plans that the administration has set into movement. Legitimizing the requirement for Free Speech The truth of the matter is the Freedom of Speech, in its optimal structure, goes about as an essential part in a check and parities framework that guar antees that the administration represents the advantage of the public.Advertising Searching for exposition on political theories? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More By guaranteeing that significant open issues, for example, war, monetary rights and other cultural issues are permitted to be examined straightforwardly and without restriction this in actuality guides popular conclusion either possibly in support of specific government commands or activities. This constrains the capacity of the legislature to follow up on different impulses and interests since it should consistently think about popular feeling before it achieves certain activities. This in actuality makes a decent framework wherein the administration keeps on being responsible to the individuals using the Freedom of Speech. For instance, enactment in the U.S. forestalling different seaward penetrating exercises was really realized through the â€Å"Green Movement† and mass popular feeling against the conceivable natural harm it would cause. Not All Aspects of Free Speech Are Socially Beneficial What must be seen however is that sure restrictions must be placed into impact on specific parts of the Freedom of Speech since not all exercises made through it very well may be regarded as socially advantageous. Because of its job as a poretector of cultural strength the legislature has the duty to guarantee that components which destabilize society are restricted so as to guarantee the engendering of social congruity. For instance, the instance of the capture of the Ku Klux Kan pioneer in the Brandenburg v. Ohio case is an away from of the administration playing out its job as a social defender by restricting activities (racial disdain) that makes conflict and destabilization in the public arena (Peck, 1). It depends on cases, for example, this that specific reasonable constraints on the Freedom of Speech can be actualized insofar as they are intended to forestall the spread of socially destabilizing messages of contempt, predisposition and outrage. End Based on the realities introduced it very well may be seen that the Freedom of Speech is a fundamental idea to society since it goes about as a foundation of not just the free trade of data, thoughts and ideas yet additionally as a necessary piece of a balanced governance framework among society and the administration. What must be seen however is that Freedom of Speech can undoubtedly be manhandled so as to spread messages unfavorable towards proceeded with cultural congruity. It is because of this that the administration, going about as a defender of cultural solidness, needs to force certain reasonable confinements on the usage of the Freedom of Speech so as to guarantee that any activity induced by free discourse doesn't harm the current quiet cultural structure we appreciate today. Works Cited Delonas, Sean.â€Å" New York Post cartoon.† blogs.timeslive.co.za. Web. Hines, Debbie.â€Å"Free Speech is Superior to a Family’s Right to Privacy†. Opednews. Web. Peck, Robert.â€Å" The First Amendment Advocacy of Violence.† firstamendmentcenter.com. Web. Scaliger , Charles. â€Å"EGYPT’S PRESENT PATH.† New American. 27.7 (2011): 15. MasterFILE Complete. EBSCO. Web. This article on The Power of Free Speech was composed and put together by client Riya Mayer to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it in like manner. 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acid rain1 essays

corrosive rain1 papers Corrosive downpour is downpour that is more acidic than typical. Corrosive downpour is an entangled issue. Fundamentally brought about via air contamination, corrosive downpour's spread and harm includes climate, science, soil, and the existence patterns of plants and creatures on the land and in lakes and streams. This type of air contamination is as of now a subject of extraordinary debate due to its overall ecological harms. Throughout the previous ten years, this issue has carried obliteration to a great many lakes and streams in the United States, Canada, and parts of Europe. Researchers have found that air contamination from the consuming of petroleum products is the significant reason for corrosive downpour. Force plants and industrial facilities consume coal and oil. Force plants utilize that coal and oil to deliver the power for our homes and to run our electric machines. We likewise consume petroleum gas, coal, and oil to warm our homes. The smoke and exhaust from consuming petroleum products ascend into the air and join with the dampness noticeable all around to shape corrosive downpour. The primary synthetic compounds in air contamination that makes corrosive downpour are sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Corrosive downpour for the most part frames high in the mists where sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides respond with water, oxygen, and oxidants. This structures a gentle arrangement of sulfuric corrosive and nitric corrosive. Daylight builds the pace of the vast majority of these responses. Water, day off, and different types of precipitation containing those mellow arrangements of sulfuric and nitric acids tumble to the earth as corrosive downpour. Water travels through each living plant and creature, streams, lakes, and seas in the hydrologic cycle. In that cycle, water dissipates from the land and ocean into the environment. Water in the air at that point gathers to shape mists. Mists discharge the water back to the earth as downpour, day off, haze. At the point when water beads tumble to the earth they get particles and synthetic concoctions that coast noticeable all around. Indeed, even spotless, unpolluted air has a few particles, for example, residue or dust... <!

Intellectual property law and modern society - Free Essay Example

Critically consider the extent to which the law of intellectual property meets the needs of modern society The following consideration of the intersection between the needs of modern society and intellectual property law will focus upon specific examples drawn from patent innovation and its legal protections, and various developments in copyright law. Patents The fundamental purpose of intellectual property law is outlined in Aerotel Ltd. v. Telco[1]. Aerotel is the most recent UK Court of Appeal articulation of software patents principles. The Court stated that it had à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"no concernà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ regarding the debates that have raged for years concerning software patents and the question of whether the larger public interest requires a greater degree of access to otherwise protected innovations[2]. A summary of the purposes of modern patents was developed as[3]: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The patent system is there to provide a research and investment incentive but it has a price. That price (what economists call transaction costs) is paid in a host of ways: the costs of patenting, the impediment to competition, the compliance cost of ensuring non-infringement, the cost of uncertainty, litigation costs and so on. There is, so far as we know, no really hard empirical data showing that the liberalisation of what is patentable in the USA has resulted in a greater rate of innovation or investment in the excluded ca tegories. Innovation in computer programs, for instance, proceeded at an immense speed for years before anyone thought of granting patents for them as such.[4] TRIPS (Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) demonstrates that international software patent laws are a somewhat unstable mixture of legal theories and the hard edged economic realities of international trade regulation concerning the control of technology. The international intellectual property regime as contained within TRIPS is not so much a system as it is an organism that is not fully developed. The TRIPS agreement is Annex 1C of the Marrakesh Agreement creating the World Trade Organization[5]. This document is the product of a series of multi-lateral agreements made by the members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) respecting various aspects of intellectual property, including software patents. TRIPS represents the first time that intellectual property issues have been formally installed in an y world trading structure. TRIPS is a point of commencement in the effort to bring order to the handling of intellectual property disputes. The comprehensive language regarding software patents in TRIPS is consistent with American, British, and European patent practices. However, it is open to question whether the TRIPS regime will assist in the satisfaction of the demands of modern society for clear and effective world wide intellectual property regulation. Earlier and equally lauded WTO initiatives that purportedly enjoyed the support of the international trade community, such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), are examples. The ability of the WTO to police a global software patent regime is doubtful à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" seemingly systemic software piracy in China and India has continued unabated. It is contended that if intellectual property is of value to the economic interests of nations, rogue elements will debase the economic advantages and reduce orderly development into anarchy. The counter position is that easing software patent laws will lead to greater economic development. Microsoft supreme Bill Gates is not the most likely of champions for a relaxation of world software patent restrictions, as his company may hold more patented technologies than any other. Gates is quoted by those advocates of reduced patent software legislation as follows: If people had understood how patents would be granted when most of todays ideas were invented and had taken out patents, the industry would be at a complete stand-still todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦A future start-up with no patents of its own will be forced to pay whatever price the giants choose to impose. That price might be high: Established companies have an interest in excluding future competitors.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [6] The counter argument to this Gates proposition is advanced in several ways. The first is one of seeming inevitability patents are an entrenched property right that is an i nherent feature of modern global economic systems; to eliminate this right and convert property to a form of shared access will end innovation. The companion argument advanced against the Gates opinion is that even the limited patent protection certainties are preferable to an unregulated system where the actual ownership and control of hard won intellectual property can never be certain. The second counter to the open door proposition is that competition and innovation are inherent to capitalism; the prevalence of software patents in the past 25 years has not diminished research or innovation. . By example, the European Patent Office has issued over 40,000 patents concerning with computer programmes alone through 2005[7]. The most attractive argument against software patents is the assertion that such protections have outlived their usefulness, in that patents represent excessive legal protection and that patents perpetuate economic imbalances through preservation of property rights monopolies. With patent protection, the rich get richer as large multi-national interests may control most of the patented software technology. Innovation that would otherwise propel individuals and communities forward to success is made difficult, a situation that is contrary to the public interest. The less intrusive copyright laws and non disclosure agreements respecting commercial trade secrets are preferable to the blanket and long term barriers created by patents. Further, the only true beneficiaries of the current patent system are patent agents and patent lawyers, who are essential to the system. The counter argument has three parts. One, the reality of software patents is not as characterised because almost all development of software, from its origins in the 1940s to 1981 was achieved without patent protection; the software developers that spurred the IT revolution confirm this fact. Further, as software patent protection is now the norm, the elimination of pate nts will create hardship for those who developed their ideas within them. Thirdly, patent actions have often resulted in judgements that served as a significant deterrent to others.[8] Open Source Software (OSS)[9] is defined as a computer programme that permits subsequent modifications of the software by both the current user and any other developer though the provision of its source code granted by the extension of a licence[10]. OSS is regarded by many in the software research and development world as essential to the maintenance of a development environment that ensures an optimum level of unhindered access to vital software application research materials. The OSS concept has its advocates. The Open Source Initiative is a world organisation of scientists and technology advocates devoted to the proposition that software evolves for the common good in a licensed and non patent protected environment.[11] The UK Web Standards Project advances a similar philosophy. Further, OSS would act to counter the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"commodification of knowledgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[12], of which biotechnology patents are a current example[13]. Examples of software patent presenting a barrier to true scientific advancement in biotechnology is articulated by American researcher Peter Yun-hyoung Lee, where important contributions to vital research are excluded, delaying scientific advances that benefit society.[14] Defenders of the current property rights based approach to patent law counter the OSS approach in three ways. The first is that there is no coherent system that would permit access to all relevant data à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"who would organise and manage it? So long as software piracy is endemic throughout the world, the argument can be made for greater, more comprehensive, and multi-lateral patent enforcement, not less. The second is rooted in the fundamental principles of capitalism à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the innovators who created the patented softwares must be permitt ed their fair opportunity to recoup their investment, research and development costs, all of which would be compromised under OSS. The third is an acknowledgement that OSS has intellectual merit à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" OSS is a desirable goal, but it is Utopian and impossible to achieve in a world wracked by conflict, piracy and theft. Better the devil one knows than a devil one has never met. The special problems of bio technology patents Biotechnology is broadly cast as the development of all pharmaceuticals, medical procedures and innovations concerning the understanding of the human physical processes. Biotechnology patents are the best intellectual property example to illustrates the conflict between the irresistible forces of capitalism that pursue the creation and preservation of biotechnology profits and the immovable object of human rights and social justice goals. The arguments in favour of biotechnology patents are an extension of traditional patent philosophy business must be encouraged to direct significant resources to innovation and new technology development, because these are the engine that powers modern international trade and commerce. Vibrant world economies benefit all humankind. The contrary position is played out in the media and in significant bodies of academic commentary.[15] It is an equally desirable social objective that free(r) access to biotechnologies is essential to relieve suffering in many nations; pharmaceuticals products in particular will ease suffering and prevent disease. Genetically modified food technologies are also seen as a means of dealing with hunger and substandard food production. The ethical argument is irresistible to anyone who has watched a news programme or read an account of the horrors of AIDS in Africa, save for one problem à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" while ethical considerations are vital issues, they are impossible to address with in the context of current national an supra-national biotechnology paten t law. The European Union and TRIPS legal structures are directed to trade, not ethics. No distinction is drawn between patents that may have a humanitarian application and those that do not.[16] Further, there is a significant concentration of biotechnological power in the control of United States patent law and American corporate interests, a biotech industry that controls 75 percent of all international biotechnology revenues generated.[17] The territorial nature of patent protection will require a significant reordering of this concentration of biotechnology if there is to be an ethical based freeing of this area. The attractiveness of this approach is developed further in the consideration of the broader human rights and social justice issues that form part of the copyright debate. The recent UK proposals concerning intellectual property reform captured the essence of the issue: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦The ideal IP system creates incentives for innovation, without u nduly limiting access for consumers and follow on innovators. It must strike the right balance in a rapidly changing world so that innovators can see further by standing on the shoulders of giantsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[18] The European Union issued its Directive 98 in an effort to confront these difficult issues concerning biotechnology patents. Similar to the observation made by the UK Court of Appeal in Aerotel, the Directive recognises patents as a protective device, not as an instrument to promote social justice. The language of the Directive specifies the essential connection that exists between patentability and profitability; the EU has not seen a need to develop a separate scheme to govern biotechnology patents. However, the Directive does provide for a limitation on patentable processes that may be the springboard for future expansion of the rights of access to biotechnologies, at least with in the European Union. The Directive defines as unpatentable the following ty pes of processes: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"1. Inventions shall be considered unpatentable where their commercial exploitation would be contrary to ordre public or morality; however, exploitation shall not be deemed to be so contrary merely because it is prohibited by law or regulation.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ 2. On the basis of paragraph 1, the following, in particular, shall be considered unpatentable: (a) Processes for cloning human beings; (b) Processes for modifying the germ line genetic identity of human beings; (c) Uses of human embryos for industrial or commercial purposesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[19]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ It is clear that broad expressions of public policy contained in phrases such as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"ordre publicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"moralityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ must be refined to create a clearer delineation between profit and humanitarian interests in biotechnology in Europe. For those seeking to alter the present profit based paradigm, the Directive must be regarded as a start. Copyright, fair dealing and freedom of expression Copyright and the protection of the manner in which creative expression is protected is a more ubiquitous legal concept than that of patents but one that is equally under constant legal scrutiny. The Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1998 of the UK (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the Actà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢) represents a typical example of how nations seek to protect the dissemination of creative works; the UK codification of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"fair dealingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ defence to alleged instances of copyright infringement has generated significant case law. Judicial consistency in the interpretation of UK copyright protection is an elusive concept, as is demonstrated through the efforts of the courts to apply the imprecise language of the Act. The decisions rendered in Hyde Park Residence Ltd v Yelland[20], Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd v Marks Spencer Plc[21], and Ashdown v Telegraph Group Ltd[22].are excelle nt examples of the difficulties encountered with the interpretation of UK copyright law. The cases noted here (especially the Ashdown decision[23]) make reference to a balancing [24]of interests between the ownership of the creative work and the desired freedom of expression permitted others who seek to utilise the work. Section 29 through 31 of the Act sets the parameters of the copyright protection and fair dealing in creative works, literary criticism and news reporting; s.29 states: Fair dealing with a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work for the purposes of research or private study does not infringe any copyright in the work or, in the case of a published edition, in the typographical arrangement.[25] Hyde Park Residence Ltd v Yelland[26]describes a practical interpretation of the Act. The case turned on the publication by the Sun newspaper of certain photographs of the late Princess Diana taken on private property shortly before her death in 1997. The Court h eld against the newspaper ( a well known tabloid), stating that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦even though an unpublished work (the photographs purchased scrumptiously by the Sun) are not automatically excluded from the defence of fair dealing, it is yet a much more substantial breach of copyright than publication of a published work (such as a previous article or review).à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[27] The Court seemingly provided the quality papers a copyright infringement defence in both Jameel[28] and Ashdown[29], a case where the Daily Telegraph was sued for an alleged copyright breach regarding the personal papers of former Liberal Democrat leader Paddy Ashdown. The Telegraph did not pay for the information published. The language employed by the Court in Ashdown would give heart to those seeking to liberalise copyright law and create a true balancing of the interests between creator / owner and user of an idea or concept. The Court observed observation that as a fundamental principl e, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦copyright is antithetical to freedom of expression. It prevents all, save the owner of the copyright, from expressing information in the form of the literary work protected by the copyright.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[30] The Court decided the issue with the determination that: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The fair dealing defence under s.30 should lie where the public interest in learning of the very words written by the owner of the copyright is such that publication should not be inhibited by the chilling factor of having to pay damages or account for profitsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[31] Copyright and human rights issues The right to the use or protection of copyrighted material may lack some of the immediacy of the biotechnology patent issues and their impact upon the human condition. As Telfer notes, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦few if any observers would list the rights of authors and inventors as human rights. Yet such rights were recognized at the birth of t he international human rights movement. No less an august statement of foundational principles than the Universal Declaration of Human Rights includes in its catalogue of rights and freedoms a statement that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he [or she] is the author.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [32] There is little question that with the TRIPS initiative and developments in various national jurisdictions[33], the scope of intellectual property rights has expanded dramatically, in terms of both subject matter and the economic interests they seek to protect. Nations have linked these rights to the world trading system, creating new opportunities for enforcement at the international and national levels. These twin developments have made intellectual property protection rules relevant to an expanding array of value-laden economic, social, and political issues, includi ng public health, education, agriculture, privacy, and free expression.[34] Conclusion So long as societal need is expressed in terms of financial viability and return on investment, intellectual property law is a continuing success. The wider and more challenging issues of freedom of expression, human rights and social justice are not a ready fit in the current legal framework. Bibliography Gowers, Andrew Gowers Review on Intellectual Property (December, 2006) HM Treasury Guadamusz, Andres (2005) Open Science: Open Source Software Licenses and Scientific Research https://www.bileta.ac.uk/pages/Conference Papers.aspx (Accessed April 22, 2007) Helfer, Laurence R (2007) Collective Management of Copyright and Human Rights: An Uneasy Alliance pp. 1-37   https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=816984 (Accessed April 23, 2007) Lee, Peter Yun-hyoung (2005) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Inverting the logic of scientific discoveryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Harvard Journal of L aw Technology 19, 1 Raymond, Eric (2002) The New Hackers Dictionary Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, (3rd ed.) Warshofsky, F. (1994) The Patent Wars (New York: Wiley) Washington Times à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"A Rebuttal on Half-Truthsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ 8 July 2005, A20 World Trade Organization https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/trips_e.htm#WhatAre (Accessed April 22, 2007) Table of Cases Aerotel Ltd. v. Telco et al [2006] EWCA Civ 1371 Ashdown v Telegraph Group Ltd CFPHs Appns, 2005[2005] EWHC 1589 (Pat) Hyde Park Residence Ltd v Yelland [2000] EWCA Civ 37 Jameel and others v. Wall Street Journal Europe Sprl [2006] UKHL 44 MGM v Grokster 545 US, 125 SCt 2764 (2005) Menashe Business Mercantile Ltd v. Hill [2002] EWCA Civ 1702 Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd v Marks Spencer Plc[35] [2000] EWCA Civ 179 Table of Statutes Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1998 EU Directive 98/44/EC Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRI PS) 1 Footnotes [1] [2006] EWCA Civ 1371 [2] Aerotel, 7 [3] Aerotel, 8 [4] See also Menashe Business Mercantile Ltd v. Hill [2002] EWCA Civ 1702; CFPHs Appns, 2005[2005] EWHC 1589 (Pat) [5] World Trade Organization https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/trips_e.htm#WhatAre [6] Warshofsky, F, The Patent Wars (New York: Wiley, 1994), 118 [7] See Aerotel, supra [8] An recent example is Menashe Business Mercantile Ltd v. Hill, supra [9] Guadamusz, Andres (2005) Open Science: Open Source Software Licenses and Scientific Research 2005 @ https://www.bileta.ac.uk/pages/Conference Papers.aspx [10] Ibid, 2 [11] See The New Hackers Dictionary Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2002 (3rd ed.), for further articulations of the benefits perceived through OSS initiatives [12]Ibid, 3 [13] The ongoing controversy concerning the provision of AIDS medication protected by proprietary patents, especially in Africa is the best example. [14] Lee, Peter Yun-hyoung à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Inve rting the logic of scientific discoveryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢(2005) Harvard Journal of Law Technology 19, 1 [15] See Helfer, infra [16] See EU Directive 98/44/EC, infra [17] A Rebuttal on Half-Truths The Washington Times, 8 July 2005, A20 [18] Gowers, Andrew Gowers Review on Intellectual Property (December, 2006) HM Treasury, 5 [19] Ibid, article 6 [20] [2000] EWCA Civ 37 (10 February 2000) [21] [2000] EWCA Civ 179 (26 May 2000) [22] [2001] EWCA Civ 1142 (18 July, 2001) [23] n 3 [24] See n 18 [25] The Act, s.29(1) [26] Hyde Park Residence Ltd v Yelland Ors [2000] EWCA Civ 37 (C.A) [27] Beloff v Pressdam Ltd [1973] 1 AER 241, cited at para 17 Hyde Park, supra [28] Jameel and others (Respondents) v. Wall Street Journal Europe Sprl (Appellants) [2006] UKHL 44 [29] N 18 [30] Ibid, para 30 [31] Ibid, para 69 [32] Helfer, Laurence R (2007) Collective Management of Copyright and Human Rights: An Uneasy Alliance pp. 1-37 https://ssrn.co m/abstract_id=816984, 5 34 MGM v Grokster 545 US, 125 SCt 2764 (2005) (music download cases) [33]35 Helfer, 7 [34] [35] [2000] EWCA Civ 179 (26 May 2000)

Essay on American Juvenile Justice System - 2008 Words

The American criminal justice system is comprised of criminal courts, correctional facilities, and law enforcement officials. Each of these components also make up the juvenile justice system but the operations of each differs with juveniles than with adults who are suspected of committing criminal acts. A juvenile offender is an individual under a certain age who is suspected of having committed a crime or a status offense. A status offense is an offense that if committed by an adult, would be legal or acceptable. Examples of status offenses are truancy, under aged consumption of alcoholic beverages, and running away from home. Law enforcement officials use their discretion when determining how to pursue status offenses involving†¦show more content†¦In either case, evidence obtained in violation of Fourth Amendment rights are not allowed to be presented during a trial or hearing. Juveniles may be approached and questioned by law enforcement officers without probable cause and may walk away without answering questions. For example, an officer on foot patrol may stop a young person who just happens to look suspicious. The officer may ask for identification but the young person does not have to comply, and are well within their rights if they respectfully choose to ignore the request. If in the process of questioning, the officer feels that the youth imposes a danger to him, themselves, or any other person, they may conduct a Terry search or â€Å"pat down† to ensure that they aren’t in danger. While adult cases are held in adult criminal court, with offenders being tried by a jury of their peers, juvenile cases are referred to as adjudication hearings and do not involve a jury. Prior to a trial, an adult offender may be placed on bail. A youthful offender has a special hearing in order to determine if they will be allowed to remain with parents or an adult guardian outside of a detention center. Another difference between ad ult and juvenile processes are the initial investigations by law enforcement officers. Miranda warnings must be given to an adult prior to questioning or interrogation. Youthful offenders under the age of 14 must have parents or guardians present before they are questioned. ThoseShow MoreRelatedThe American Juvenile Justice System1043 Words   |  5 PagesThe American juvenile justice system had developed over the past century with a number of variables that makes it different from the adult criminal justice process. Juvenile justice advocates supports the differences on the youthful offenders. Juvenile crime policy over the course of the twentieth century talks about transferring the law’s conceptions of young offenders. Starting from the nineteenth century, many of the youths were tried and punished as adults. However, treatment of juveniles in theRead MoreAfrican Americans And The Juvenile Justice System1248 Words   |  5 PagesRace and Sentencing It has been brought up that certain race and ethic affects a person’s sentencing. Many studies have addressed the question are African Americans treated more severely than similarly situated whites? (Mitchell, 2005). Observers had indeed noted that black defendants get more severe sentencing than white defendants do (Spohn, 1981). For many years’ social scientist has examined this theory and came up with three explanations, racial discrimination, Wealth discrimination, andRead MoreThe High Incarceration Rate Of Juveniles1748 Words   |  7 PagesThe high incarceration rate of juveniles is a significant social problem that affects society as a whole as well as the youth’s individual welfare and developmental trajectory. 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Research on the other hand shows that juveniles have underdevelopedRead MoreThe Effects Of Incarceration On The Social Of African American Juveniles1487 Words   |  6 PagesDisciplinary changes applied to the juvenile justice system in addition to negative impressions of juvenile males have caused juvenile male incarceration rates to surge. African American male juveniles encounter racial differences in society everyday due to view that media portrays them to be. Racial bias amongst these juvenile African American males is the principal cause of their incarceration rates climbing higher each year. The lives of these juveniles are seriously altered after being incarceratedRead MoreDisproportionate Minority Contact739 Words   |  3 Pagesdisproportionately represented throughout juvenile justice systems in nearly every state in the nation. Disproportionate minority contact (DMC) in juvenile justice occurs when minority youth come into contact with the system at a higher rate than their white counterparts. African-Americans, Hispanics, Asians, Pacific Islanders and Native Americans comprise a combined one-third of the nations youth population. Yet they account for over two-thirds of the youth in secure juvenile facilities (Armour Hammond,Read MoreThe Juvenile Justice System Is Creating A Criminal Class758 Words   |  4 PagesSuch reactions and critiques of the juvenile justice system enforce the notion that the juvenile system is creating a criminal class. Black’s theory states that patterns of relationships between the parties inv olved in a case predict the styles and forms of social control, relationships between intimates would result in more informal handling of cases. Law and formal control arise when informal control is weak and unavailable. 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Making someone pay for the harm they have caused is an easy concept when it comes to adult offenders; however, what about juvenile offenders? Should juvenile offenders be punished for what he/she has done? When victims want the juvenile offender to be punished for the harm they have caused, this is called retributive justice. Often AmericansRead MoreJuvenile Offenders And The Criminal Justice System860 Words   |  4 PagesOnce youth is committed a crime he or she must face the criminal justice. Whether it is simple face to face contact with the police officer or trip to juvenile facility, juvenile is becoming part of the criminal justice system. For many youth it is their first contact with the justice system however for some others it is a very familiar process. So once juvenile is making face to face contact with the police officers, his life is in the hands of that officer who can make very important and sometime

A Research Study On Stem Cell Therapy - 1450 Words

Since the beginning of time technology has been advancing to better the human race. As time went by your race has gotten to the point where we are able to develop new drugs, vaccines and treatments to help out others in need. Stem cell therapy is one of the new therapies that are used to treat a disease or prevent it. Bone marrow transplants are one type of therapy that has been used for the treatment of leukemia for a while now. 1,6Stem cell therapy is used to replace damaged, diseased, or malfunctioning cells anywhere in the body with healthy cells. When a stem cell is introduced to a specific part of the body, that stem cell receives signals that tell it how to mimic the other cells around it. One example is if a stem cell is given to the brain, it will take on the job of a brain cell. The beginning of stem cell research actually started in the mid 1800’s. Scientists first discovered that certain cells within the body could develop into other cells. Stem cell research has since developed stem cell therapy treatments like bone marrow transplant , stem cell therapy for Parkinson’s, and stem cell therapy for Alzheimer’s disease. This is a very promising treatment for all kinds of degenerative diseases because of the stem cells’ regenerative abilities. From what we know about stem cell research so far shows us that stem cell therapy holds the answer to hopefully find the key to curing all types of disease. 2As many as 4,500 clinics have already started the useShow MoreRelatedA Research Study On Stem Cell Therapy1511 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Stem cells are homogeneous cells found in the human body which have potential to change into, or differentiate into a range of specific types of cells (Stoppler, 1996). The refurbishment and protection of many adult tissues are safeguarded by stem cells (SCs) which exist in the top of the cellular sorting section of these tissues (Beck, 2013). 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Bruce Tuckmans stages of group development- Team Development Model

Question: Describe about the bruce tuckman forming storming norming performing team development model? Answer: Introduction Joe and Harry combined their first names to form a Johari model that is used as a model for self-awareness, interpersonal relationships, personal development, group dynamics, inter-group relationships and team development. The window expresses information on feelings, attitudes, skills, experience, motivation etc. The Johari window is also used to represent a team in relation with other groups. It is a square with four panels as a pictorial representation of degree of how known we are to others and ourselves (West and Turner, 2006). Johari Window Four Quadrants The Johari window has four quadrants- Arena, Blindspot, Faade and Unknown area. Every person is represented by their own window. Mine is described as under: Quadrant 1- Arena The arena or open area, free self or free area or open self is also known as the area of free activity. The quadrant gives the information about a persons behavior, knowledge, feelings, attitude, views, skills etc that is known by both the group and self (South, 2007). I know my name and age, and so do the other people. This region determines the amount of co-operation and communication I have with other people. When I first meet a new person, I dont gel up quickly. I take a lot of time to get comfortable with the person and create the comfort zone. I dont get too talkative or expressive in the beginning. The aim of a group is to explore and widen the open area so as to enhance communication in the team. I usually start with a relatively small open area because of lack of communication skills but it can be enhanced horizontally into the blind area with the support and feedback of my team members. The group members can also help in expanding my arena vertically downwards by disclosure in the group members. This region is the most ideal and open receptive person. There is a high degree of trust and respect in people for me. I am sensitive to the needs of self and others. I have concern for people whom I care. This region also highlights the personal skills in me and other members (Businessballs.com, 2015). In a team, as an action-oriented role, I played the role of Completer-Finisher. I see the projects completed from start to end. I was ensured to make no mistakes. I was not supposed to make any errors or omissions and pay attention to the finest details in the team. I believe in timeliness and I pushed the team to complete the job on time. I get a bit anxious about petty things and worry about small things unnecessarily. I am a perfectionist and follow an orderly fashion. As a people oriented role, I am a resource investigator. I explore options and alternatives for development and negotiation of resources. The external stakeholders who help in accomplishing the teams objective and I helped in coordinating with them. In a thought oriented role, I am a monitor-evaluator. I analyze and evaluate the ideas that people come up with. I consider all pros and cons to the situation before arriving at a decision. I am a critical thinker and apply strategic approach. I am poor in motivating bec ause I react to events rather than instigating it (Shenton, 2007). Quadrant 2- Blindspot This quadrant indicates the unknown factors of a person himself but the others know it is there within him. This region refers to a situation where one is unacquainted with oneself. This region can be made better by getting useful feedback from peers and managers (Sutton and Stewart, 2002). In an ongoing conversation, I might lose an eye contact that is not noticeable by me but was told from my peers. Sensitive feedback was given by people so that I realize my inner capabilities that are hidden from me. The blind area is not a productive space for an individual. This is basically ignorance about oneself. The capability hidden turns me unproductive that what is expected of me. For example, while eating in a restaurant some food particle sticks on my mouth. I dont see it but the other people can see it. Unless the other people tell me about the food particle stuck on my mouth, I wont know since it is a blind spot to me. I did not get very sincere answers from my peers as they hesitated to share any problem thinking they would embarrass me (West and Turner, 2007). In a team as an action oriented role, I have hidden capabilities of a Shaper. I challenge the team to improve on the grounds of punctuality and timeliness. I was told by peers that I am an extrovert who questions norms and takes effort to solve problems by developing the best strategies. I find obstacles as new challenges that need to be overcome. I dont let the team members quit when they want to. I motivate them in my very own ways. I get argumentative at times, and that offends the feelings of other people. As a role in people- oriented, I am a coordinator. I guide the team and the stakeholders by bringing them together in the best motive. Team cohesion is a priority for me where I can help people getting along and resolving conflicts. I bring out the best motive and value from each team member by delegating those tasks what they are good at. I tend to be manipulative at times as reported by my peers. Sometimes, I also try to shred away too many responsibilities from me. As a thou ght orientation, I am a Specialist, I can only contribute to a team task because of lack in specialized knowledge (Businessballs.com, 2015). When comparing with Tuckmans team model, it undergoes the Storming stage. The decisions dont apply easily within the group in this phase. There needs to be a focus on goals of the team so as to avoid getting distracted by emotional issues and relationships. There is formation of cliques and factions with the struggle for power. At times, to enable progress, compromises may be necessary (Sutton and Stewart, 2002). Quadrant 3- Faade This is the hidden area of what the person knows about himself but is unknown to others. These involve fears, manipulative intentions, sensitivities or anything a person does not reveal about himself. In a team role, according to action orientation, I play the role of an Implementer. I get things done through people in a manipulative way that I know would be beneficial for the team. I am conservative in nature and do not like to beat around the bush. I am organized and work systematically. Other do not know my inflexibility to new changes been made in the environment and I follow escapism in such cases. As a people oriented, I play the role of a team worker. I bring the team together by supporting them and making work as a single unit. I have a tendency to be indecisive when it comes to making decisions or maintaining positions. I help people get along their problems. I fear judgment or vulnerability therefore hide back my feelings for a situation. As a thought oriented, I am a Plant who tends to ignore given constraints and parameters. I am impractical at times and a poor communicator. A lot of hidden information is work-related and not very personal. Sometimes people get emotion ally upset and need some motivation as they are resilient in nature. This has also been described in the Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. The relevant hidden information or feelings must be moved in the open area by self-disclosure and exposure process (Handy, 2000). When compared to Tuckmans model, it undergoes Norming stage. The roles and responsibilities are clear enough and acceptable. The decision making process is handed over to individuals for minor issues. The unity and commitment in the group or team is strong. The team has a working style that proves beneficial as a whole. Also, the team leader engages in social as well as fun activities. There is a general respect for the team leader among team members and that is evident. The organizational culture has a major influence on the team members for disclosing their hidden selves. Even the working atmosphere in the group matters for the same reason. The extent to which I disclose my personal feelings or information must be at my own discretion (mindtools.com, 2015). Conclusion Johari window helps in analyzing personal self and also other peoples behavior and thinking patterns, interpersonal skills, and attitudes. This is helpful and taken into consideration in job profiling, human resource planning, customer relations and human resource planning. As a self-disclosure to be effective, judgment needs to be practiced by me. I must be honest and clear with my opinions. The estimate must be made to enhance a building relationship. The Johari window helps disclosures in enormous ways. Open area is considered to be the most ideal region for a person to explore oneself and others knowing the exact you. References Businessballs.com, (2015).bruce tuckman forming storming norming performing team development model. [online] Available at: https://www.businessballs.com/tuckmanformingstormingnormingperforming.htm [Accessed 7 Jul. 2015]. Businessballs.com, (2015).johari window model - helpful for personal awareness and group relationships. [online] Available at: https://www.businessballs.com/johariwindowmodel.htm [Accessed 7 Jul. 2015]. Handy, C. (2000).21 ideas for managers. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Mindtools.com, (2015).Belbin's Team Roles: How Understanding Team Roles Can Improve Team Performance. [online] Available at: https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_83.htm [Accessed 7 Jul. 2015]. Shenton, A. (2007). Viewing information needs through a Johari Window.Reference Services Review, 35(3), pp.487-496. South, B. (2007). Combining mandala and the Johari Window: An exercise in self-awareness.Teaching and Learning in Nursing, 2(1), pp.8-11. Sutton, J. and Stewart, W. (2002).Learning to counsel. Oxford: How To Books. Verklan, M. (2007). Johari Window.The Journal of Perinatal Neonatal Nursing, 21(2), pp.173-174. West, R. and Turner, L. (2006).Understanding interpersonal communication. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth. West, R. and Turner, L. (2007).Introducing communication theory. Boston: McGraw-Hill.